XCUUSD ( COPPER / USD ) Commodities Analysis 29/08/2022Fundamental Analysis:
as of now we can see the global inflation has rise sky rocket and the worlds economy is in a huge bobble which soon will explode and a catastrophic crisis may occur, ultimately most of the manufacturing and development plants which are dependent on the base commodities such as Copper and gold may face some market crises and demand may plummet to a very critically low levels, consequently a lots of the retail and small entities producer and manufacturers will hit the bottom line and bankruptcies if their exposure is not hedged or planned their business strategies accordingly for these days.
one of the main reason for this incident can be the changing of the world order and power pole transformation from west to the middle east and far east, Russia's conflicts with Europe and china's with south china's sea and Taiwan.
food shortage and probably real state collapse could be predicted and can be a good cause of such a market fall.
energy crisis and fuel price jump can be another good reason to decrease the equity and profit margin in the manufacturing and production segments.
Technical Analysis:
There exist a bearish Divergence of Price and MACD followed with some market fall from its ATH which means bullish trend Reversal and we are facing more falls and a bearish Market, using Fibonacci Retracement levels we have defined some Target Levels which are having confluences with different cycle Fib Levels.
we have defined some Resistance levels using Fibonacci and Price Action.
we may have some Bullish price correction on the way of the bearish trend.
There are total of 4 targets defined using the confluences of Different Fibonacci and Price action levels and they can be considered as strong support levels if not Broken sharply
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Dollar Index (DXY) 19/09/2023Technical Analysis:
Fibonacci Levels: My analysis meticulously places Fibonacci retracement and extension levels on the chart, highlighting potential support zones that reinforce the bullish bias.
MACD Divergence: Vigilance for MACD divergence patterns remains paramount. supports the bullish bias.
Technical Conditions:
Take-Profit Levels (TPs): To maximize potential gains from the bullish bias, consider the following TP levels:
1st TP: 105.15
2nd TP: 105.69
incase of rally start from the 38.25% of minor Fibonacci level (105.053) then we can expect the
3rd TP: 106.00 directly
Trading Scenario:
Bullish Bias: There's a high likelihood of a market rally towards higher levels. The current price resides at a major Fibonacci support level of 38.2% of the past weekly cycle. A breakout above this level is anticipated to propel the price towards the defined targets of 105.15, 105.69, and 106.00.
Zilliqa /US Dollars (ZILUSDT) Short Selling Chance19/02/2023Technical Analysis:
In this analysis, I adopt an all-encompassing approach that melds Fibonacci retracement and extension levels with Fibonacci Projection, confluence analysis, and the MACD indicator, with a distinct short sell bias for the 30 Minutes Time frame as requested on the assignment, dated on 15/09/2023, 12:55 pm on LinkedIn message section. Additionally, I'll introduce a strategic Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy with two scale-in levels. Please refer to the chart for a comprehensive visual analysis:
please zoom out the chart for better comprehension.
Key Technical Observations:
Fibonacci Levels: My analysis meticulously places Fibonacci retracement and extension and levels on the chart, highlighting potential resistance zones and solidifying the short sell bias.
MACD Divergence: Vigilance for MACD divergence patterns remains paramount. (Bearish Divergence) accompanied with (Hidden Bearish Divergence) bolsters the short sell bias.
Strategic Entry Points: I identify key entry points for initiating short positions, at $0.01620 Spot Price at the time of publication capitalizing on price movements in harmony with the overall bias.
DXY is very much bullish which is an other sign that the Total Crypto Market cap may fall and ultimately BTC will dip to the lower prices
the above analysis can show the possibilities of DXY rally
Technical Conditions:
Take-Profit Levels (TPs): To maximize potential gains from the short sell bias, consider the following TP levels:
1st TP: $0.01619
2nd TP: $0.01580
3rd TP: $0.01550
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA): I advocate a DCA strategy for scaling into short positions. Start with a partial position at the initial entry point and progressively adding to the short position at the following DCA scale-in levels:
Scale-In Level 1: DCA Price Level 1: $0.01635
Scale-In Level 2: DCA Price Level 2: $0.01650
Stop Loss: Prudent risk management includes placing a stop loss at $0.017 which is above the 0% level of the minor reverse Fibonacci Retracement level, to safeguard against unexpected price reversals.
Trading Scenario:
Short Sell Bias: Given the confluence of Fibonacci resistance, a bearish and a hidden MACD divergence, and strategic entry points, my analysis strongly favors a short sell bias.
Adaptability: Stay adaptable to market conditions, prepared to adjust your strategy in response to any unexpected developments.
This analysis is grounded in historical data, technical indicators, and a clear bearish bias, complemented by a DCA strategy with two scale-in levels. As with any trading strategy, it's essential to conduct thorough research, adhere to your trading plan, and continuously refine your approach as we navigate the dynamic cryptocurrency markets.
I eagerly await your insights and engaging discussions about this analysis, as we explore opportunities in bullish market scenarios!
Ethereum / US Dollars (ETHUSDT) Short Selling with DCA 19/09/23Technical Analysis:
In this analysis, I adopt an all-encompassing approach that melds Fibonacci retracement and extension levels with Fibonacci Projection, confluence analysis, and the MACD indicator, with a distinct short sell bias for the 4 Hour Time frame as requested on the assignment, dated on 15/09/2023, 12:55 pm on LinkedIn message section. Additionally, I'll introduce a strategic Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy with two scale-in levels. Please refer to the chart for a comprehensive visual analysis:
please zoom out the chart for better comprehension.
Key Technical Observations:
Fibonacci Levels: My analysis meticulously places Fibonacci retracement and extension and projection levels on the chart, highlighting potential resistance zones and solidifying the short sell bias.
MACD Divergence: Vigilance for MACD divergence patterns remains paramount. (Bearish Divergence) accompanied with (Hidden Bearish Divergence) bolsters the short sell bias.
Strategic Entry Points: I identify key entry points for initiating short positions, at $1642 Spot Price at the time of publication capitalizing on price movements in harmony with the overall bias.
DXY is very much bullish which is an other sign that the Total Crypto Market cap may fall and ultimately BTC will dip to the lower prices
the above analysis can show the possibilities of DXY rally
Technical Conditions:
Take-Profit Levels (TPs): To maximize potential gains from the short sell bias, consider the following TP levels:
1st TP: $1570
2nd TP: $1440
3rd TP: $1260
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA): I advocate a DCA strategy for scaling into short positions. Start with a partial position at the initial entry point and progressively adding to the short position at the following DCA scale-in levels:
Scale-In Level 1: DCA Price Level 1: $1735
Scale-In Level 2: DCA Price Level 2: $1830
Stop Loss: Prudent risk management includes placing a stop loss at $1945 which is above the 78.6% level of the minor reverse Fibonacci Retracement level, to safeguard against unexpected price reversals.
Trading Scenario:
Short Sell Bias: Given the confluence of Fibonacci resistance, a bearish and a hidden MACD divergence, and strategic entry points, my analysis strongly favors a short sell bias.
Adaptability: Stay adaptable to market conditions, prepared to adjust your strategy in response to any unexpected developments.
This analysis is grounded in historical data, technical indicators, and a clear bearish bias, complemented by a DCA strategy with two scale-in levels. As with any trading strategy, it's essential to conduct thorough research, adhere to your trading plan, and continuously refine your approach as we navigate the dynamic cryptocurrency markets.
I eagerly await your insights and engaging discussions about this analysis, as we explore opportunities in bullish market scenarios!
Blockchain Architecture Blockchain Architecture
Around how to realize decentralized trust, a blockchain can be divided into five layers from a technical point of view, which are the data layer, network layer, consensus layer, contract layer, and application layer, as shown in Figure 1. The data layer defines the blockchain’s underlying data structure, storage structure, and ledger pattern as the theoretical basis and outlines a theoretical model of decentralized trust. The theoretical model of blockchain decentralized trust in the network layer is realized by utilizing the distributed P2P network. In the consensus layer, the consensus algorithm organizes and coordinates the behaviors of nodes in the decentralized system to drive the continuous operation of the blockchain. In the contract layer, smart contracts are introduced as the extension of the blockchain so that the blockchain can handle more complex transactions. At the application layer, providing blockchain APIs makes it easy for developers to build Dapps and offer decentralized solutions to problems from various industries.
Mathematics 11 00101 g001 550Figure 1. Blockchain architecture.
3.1. Data Layer
Due to the lack of authoritative central node coordination and management, the decentralized system has problems such as easy data tampering, untraceable node behavior, and difficulty in rapidly authenticating transactions, leading to the data not being trusted. As the theoretical basis of blockchain, the data layer needs to solve the appealing problem to ensure that the data are credible to achieve decentralized trust. From the perspective of the logical structure of data, the blockchain is a chain composed of a connected block, and each block stores the transaction information. The blocks are connected by hash pointers and are chained in chronological order of their generation. According to the characteristics of the hash function, any slight modification to the block data will create a huge change in the hash value of the block, leading to the block not being chained. Based on that, security ensures that the data on the block is not tampered with, and thus the credibility of the data on the chain. The data layer constructs the decentralized trust model of blockchain from three aspects: data structure, storage structure, and ledger pattern.
3.2. Network Layer
The network layer is the key to implementing a decentralized system at the physical level. Decentralization means that the blockchain nodes are peer-to-peer at the physical level and that each node can communicate with each other without passing through the central node. Therefore, the network structure of the blockchain adopts the decentralized P2P structure. As shown in Figure 2, compared to a centralized network structure, a P2P network can ensure peer-to-peer communication between nodes, and nodes can join or exit the system quickly.
Mathematics 11 00101 g002 550Figure 2. P2P network vs. centralized network.
The P2P network is a distributed application architecture. The P2P networks were initially designed to facilitate the distribution of large files over unreliable networks. In a P2P network, multiple computers are connected in a peer-to-peer position, and the entire network does not require centralized coordination by a central processing node. In P2P networks, each peer can act as both requestor and responder of network services. Research on p2p network technology has recently focused on improving system performance and security. In system performance: Abudaqa et al. summarized, evaluated, compared, and classified the techniques used to improve the performance of P2P file-sharing systems based on network coding; Milojicic et al. provided a general analysis of the design and implementation issues of P2P systems in the context of practical cases. In security: Alharbi et al. explored the security weaknesses and threats in P2P networks and proposed that the fundamental problem of P2P networks is the trusting of peers and the problem of secure traffic routing. Risson et al. discussed the metrics affecting the robustness of P2P systems.
3.3. Consensus Layer
The consensus layer implements the consensus algorithm, which organizes and coordinates the decentralized system, allowing the blockchain to operate securely and stably. A blockchain is a distributed system where nodes communicate and coordinate with each other only through messaging because no central node is involved. In a distributed system, nodes agreeing on an event is also called a consensus, and a consensus algorithm is used to ensure data consistency among nodes in the system. Due to unavoidable problems such as network latency, node failure downtime, and bandwidth limitation, distributed systems are subject to the FLP impossibility principle and CAP theory. The FLP impossibility principle means that in a system containing multiple deterministic processes, as long as one process may fail, no protocol can guarantee a finite time for all processes to agree. CAP theory points out that it is impossible for any distributed system to satisfy consistency, availability, and partitioning of fault tolerance at the same time , as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, according to CAP theory and the FLP impossibility principle, certain aspects must be traded off when designing consensus algorithms for blockchains.
Mathematics 11 00101 g003 550Figure 3. CAP theory.
Blockchain can be regarded as a distributed public ledger. The essence of consensus is to decide the bookkeeping right, i.e., to solve the problem of who can produce the blocks and package the transactions into the blocks. According to the different mechanisms to reach consensus, blockchain consensus algorithms can be divided into proof-based and voting-based.
3.4. Contract Layer
The contract layer implements smart contracts, a set of digitally set commitments that are unmodifiable once deployed and executed immediately once triggered. Smart contracts, as an extension of the blockchain, enable the blockchain to have the ability to handle logically complex transactions.
3.5. Application Layer
The application layer provides API interfaces for users to easily build Dapps using blockchain services and applies blockchains to various practical scenarios. With the development of blockchain technology, various Dapps have emerged to bring decentralized trust solutions to the problems of traditional industries.
4. Blockchain Basic Principle
4.1. Data Structure
A blockchain has a chain structure in terms of blocks to achieve data immutability. The data structure of different blockchain platforms differs in specific details but is the same overall. Take Bitcoin as an example. The block in Bitcoin is divided into the block header and the block body. The block header contains the version number, random number, hash of the previous block, Merkle tree root hash, timestamp, current workload proof difficulty, etc. The block body contains all the transactions packed into the block, and the Merkle tree comprises these transactions. To support smart contracts, Ethernet adds a system state to the block header for storing account balances, contract storage, contract code, and account random numbers.
A block contains a block header, timestamp, proof-of-workload random number, hash of the previous block, packed transactions, Merkle tree, etc. . The block’s verification signature and proof-of-work use cryptographic algorithms such as elliptic curve encryption and SHA-256. The data-layer structure differs slightly from blockchain platform to blockchain platform because of the different functions they focus on. Take the Bitcoin system as an example, and the data-layer structure is shown in Figure 4:
Mathematics 11 00101 g004 550Figure 4. Blockchain data-layer structure.
To reduce the bandwidth consumption caused by block synchronization, each block in the Bitcoin system can be divided into two parts: the block header and the block body, which stores all the transaction records in the current block. Bitcoin nodes are divided into full nodes and light nodes. Bitcoin light nodes only need to synchronize the block header for block synchronization. The transaction records in the Bitcoin system are similar to the transaction records in the physical system. Each transaction record includes information such as the input and output addresses of the transaction information and the number of transfers. Based on this transaction information, a corresponding form of Merkle-tree structure can be generated from the bottom up. The hash value of the root node of the Merkle tree is stored in the header of the block, and at the time of each block generation, the bookkeeper of the block adds a timestamp to the block, which is used to mark the generation time of the block. As the timestamp is enhanced, the block is extended to form a chain of blocks with a time dimension, allowing data information to be traced back in time. In addition, the block header contains the hash value of the previous block header, the version number, the random number of the proof of work, and the target hash value, among other information. Finally, the all information in the header of this block is hashed, and the resulting hash value exists in the header of the next block, which, in terms of logical structure, makes each block linked together in the form of a chain.
4.1.1. Hash Function
Hashing converts data of any length into a number within a fixed range. The conversion method is called a hash function, which calculates the value obtained after the original value is called a hash value. Take MD5, a widely used hash function, as an example. The MD5 algorithm is also called the MD5 message digest algorithm, which can generate a 128-bit hash value to ensure the integrity and consistency of information transmission. The MD5 algorithm is universal, stable, and fast; and it is widely used in the encryption and protection of ordinary data.
Hash functions are the basis of crucial blockchain technologies such as hash lists, digital signatures, and Merkle trees. The calculation of the hash function is unidirectional. It is easy to calculate the hash value of the given data, but it is difficult to deduce the original data given the hash value. The generated hash value may be the same for different data, and this phenomenon is called a hash collision. Due to the one-way nature of the hash function, people who want to generate hash collisions can only continuously try random numbers through brute force. Therefore, the process of finding suitable random numbers to create hash collisions is often used as “proof of work” by the blockchain.
4.1.2. Hash List
In order to ensure that the block data cannot be tampered with, the hash value of the previous block is retained in other blocks except the Genesis block, and the blocks are connected with the hash value to form a hash list. A hash list is a one-way chain table in which hash pointers connect nodes. Any small change in the block data will cause a huge change in the hash value, so it is impossible to tamper with the data in the hash list.
In addition to a chained structure, some scholars have proposed a blockchain with a non-chain structure for dealing with different scenarios. Qi et al. proposed a cascade structure of blockchain to solve the performance problem of blockchains, which can accelerate the generation of blocks, expand the capacity of blocks, reduce the risk of bifurcation, and increase the security. Ribero et al. proposed a cryptocurrency called DagCoin based on DAG structure, the first blockchain-based on DAG. DagCoin has no fixed blocks; each transaction has its own proof of work. The system can achieve a speed comparable to Bitcoin. Despite the emergence of blockchains with non-traditional chain structures, such as DAG and cascade structures, mainstream blockchains are still dominated by chain structures.
4.1.3. Timestamps
To make transactions traceable, Bitcoin adds timestamps to blocks and calculates the block’s hash value by using the timestamp as the information in the block together. The timestamp is the total number of seconds from 00:00:00 GMT on 1 January 1970 to the present, and the timestamp proves that the transaction in the block must have existed at that time.
The current development of timestamps mainly revolves around improving timestamp accuracy and reducing errors. Zhang et al. proposed an accurate blockchain-based timestamping scheme which solves the problem of the inaccuracy of file timestamps caused by blocks due to the existence of time errors in timestamps. Ma et al. proposed an optimized blockchain timestamping mechanism that reduces the range of timestamps in blocks to an average of 10 min by serving external trust timestamps to the blockchain consensus.
4.1.4. Merkle Tree
Blockchain stores all the transaction records of history, and the data volume of historical transaction data will become larger and larger as time goes by. It is unrealistic to verify the existence of a certain transaction by traversing all the historical transactions. To enable fast transaction verification, all transactions in the block are stored as a Merkle tree.
A Merkle tree is a tree that connects parent and child nodes with a hash pointer. Bitcoin uses the simplest binomial Merkle tree to quickly verify whether a transaction exists in a block. The structure of a binary Merkle tree is shown in Figure 5. Each leaf node in the tree corresponds to a SHA256 hash of one transaction data within the block. The value of the parent node is obtained by concatenating the values of the two child nodes and then performing a hash operation. Hashing between nodes is performed repeatedly until the root hash value is reached, when the transaction Merkle root is generated. The Merkle root is used to detect any tampering with the transaction data in the block, so as to ensure the integrity of the transaction data in the block.
Mathematics 11 00101 g005 550Figure 5. Merkle tree.
4.1.5. Digital Signature
Bitcoin is a chain of digital signatures designed to prevent transactions from being forged or denied. A digital signature is an unforgeable string of numbers that can be generated only by the sender of the message. It proves the validity of the sender of the message. Digital signatures are often used to verify the integrity of documents or messages and are an effective way to make transactions non-repudiation and unforgeable. In the process of Bitcoin transactions, the owner of a Bitcoin transfers the coin to the next owner by digitally signing it with the hash of the previous transaction and the next owner’s public key and adding it to the end of the coin. The recipient can verify these signatures to validate the ownership of the coin.
Digital signatures are based on asymmetric encryption, first proposed by Rivest et al. . Asymmetric encryption has two keys, which are used in the encryption and decryption processes. The commonly used asymmetric encryption algorithms in blockchain are RSA, SHA256, ECC, etc. As a decentralized distributed system, blockchain needs to adopt a compatible encryption algorithm because the system configuration of each node is different. RSA algorithm is an international standard algorithm that is widely used and compatible and can be applied to different systems. RSA is the first algorithm that can be used for encryption and digital signature, and it is also considered one of the best public key schemes. Although RSA has the characteristics of strong compatibility and high security, RSA has the problems of long key and time-consuming cryptographic computation. Compared to RSA, ECC has the advantages of small key length, high-security performance, and small time consumption for the whole digital signature. Compared with RSA, ECC can use a shorter key to achieve comparable or higher security than RSA.
4.2. Storage Structure
During blockchain transaction execution, transaction data need to be packaged into blocks, and data writing is in high demand. In the process of blockchain transaction validation, it is necessary to quickly locate the block where the transaction is in and perform transaction validation. Based on the above functional requirements, blockchain often uses a combination of file systems and databases to store block data. The file system can facilitate the system to append data in the form of logs, and the database stores the index information of the file where the block is located, which can quickly find the location of the relevant transaction block and assist the system in query. Block data and block “undo” data are stored in the file system, and block “undo” data are the data for rolling back the blockchain when the system generates a chain fork. The database stores the state and index data of the blockchain, which are usually stored in key–value pairs for quick querying.
4.3. Ledger Pattern
A blockchain is a decentralized transaction ledger, and the ledger records the history of all transactions. There are two main types of mainstream ledger patterns: transaction-based and account-based.
4.3.1. Transaction-Based Ledger
The transaction-based ledger is used for digital currency transactions and is the ledger model used by Bitcoin. In Bitcoin, an “Unspent Transaction Output” (UTXO) is used instead of a centralized institution to clear transactions. In this transaction-based model, the user’s assets are not explicitly recorded directly in the system but instead extrapolated from the information in UTXO. In order to know how many bitcoins a user has in total assets, we need to calculate how many coins that user has in total in all accounts in UTXO. The transaction-based ledger can record each transaction, trace the origin of each fund, and protect user privacy.
4.3.2. Account-Based Ledger
The account-based ledger is suitable for blockchain platforms that support smart contracts, such as Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. The account-based ledger model is similar to a bank account, where the account balance information is recorded explicitly by the system, and the transaction balance and business status data can be easily checked. Take Ethereum as an example. Ethereum accounts are divided into external accounts and contract accounts. External accounts are controlled by public–private key pairs; the user locally generates a public-private key pair. The private key controls the account also called a normal account. The user creates a contract that returns an address, and the contract can be invoked as long as the address of the contract is known. The account-based ledger gives participants a more stable identity and better support of smart contracts.
5. Consensus Mechanisms
In the decentralized scenario, without the participation of the central node, a fair operation mechanism, i.e., a consensus mechanism, must be established among the nodes of the blockchain to enable each node’s unified and coordinated operation. Blockchain establishes a “trustworthy” network among nodes through the consensus mechanism so that each node can reach an agreement and achieve data consistency in the ledger of each node in the blockchain, which drives the continuous operation of the blockchain. The consensus mechanism of blockchain mainly solves the problem of who will construct the block and who will package the transactions into the block . The consensus mechanism is the core of blockchain technology, which determines the security, scalability, and distributed nature of blockchain system. The problem of consensus originates from the “biliteracy problem”, and later the “Byzantine general problem” was proposed. The biliteracy problem refers to how to achieve reliable communication over unreliable channels. The Byzantine problem refers to the problem of how to make a distributed system agree in the presence of malicious behavior (e.g., message tampering or forgery), and the nodes that can both fail and behave badly are called “Byzantine nodes”. Consensus algorithms can be divided into classical distributed system consensus algorithms and blockchain consensus algorithms, depending on the time. Classical distributed consensus algorithms include Paxos, Raft, and Kafka. According to the different mechanisms used to reach consensus, blockchain consensus algorithms can be divided into proof-based and voting-based. The proof-based consensus algorithms require “some competition” among nodes to decide the bookkeeping rights, such as proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS). Proof-based consensus algorithms do not require the strict identity of participants, and nodes are free to join and exit, so proof-based consensus algorithms are commonly used in public chains. The voting-based consensus algorithm is initiated by a node to reach consensus by having the whole network nodes vote on whether to agree to the proposal, such as practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) . The voting-based consensus algorithms require a high identity of participating voting nodes and control the joining and exiting of nodes by the access mechanism, so voting-type consensus algorithms are commonly used in consortium chains.
The consensus algorithm is the core of blockchain technology and a research hotspot of blockchains. The current research on consensus algorithms mainly focuses on two aspects: performance optimization and application. In performance optimization: Wu et al. proposed a hybrid consensus algorithm for blockchains that combines the advantages of PoS and PBFT algorithms. It reduces the number of consensus nodes to a fixed value through verifiable pseudo-random ordering and witnesses transactions between nodes. The improved hybrid consensus algorithm has excellent scalability, high throughput, and low latency, which is superior to the previous single algorithm. In applications: Biswas et al. proposed a proof-of-block-transaction (PoBT) consensus algorithm. The algorithm allows the verification of transactions and the reduction of computation time for blocks, improving the performance of the system in terms of security, computation, memory, and bandwidth. Fu et al. proposed a framework for evaluating consensus algorithms to provide guidance for the selection of consensus algorithms in sundry blockchain application scenarios.
5.1. Pow
5.1.1. Overview
The proof of work (PoW) algorithm is one of the most widely used consensus algorithms in blockchain systems, and the Bitcoin system uses the PoW consensus algorithm. The PoW algorithm was first used for spam detection , and the core idea is to include in the email proof that a certain job has been completed (hence the name “proof of work”). Usually, the calculation of such proofs takes a few seconds, so this does not cause any difficulties for casual users. However, for spammers, this can take weeks to send millions of spam emails. Email recipients can easily verify if an email is a spam by proof of workload.
In the blockchain using the PoW consensus algorithm, nodes need to constantly search for a specific random number, which is usually required to be calculated by a hash function (e.g., SHA-256) to obtain a hash value starting with several zero bits. It can be verified that the average work required to compute the random number is an exponent of the number of required zero bits. Due to the one-way computation and irreversible nature of the hash function, the random number found by the node is easily verified. In the Bitcoin system, the first node to find a specific random number is given bookkeeping rights and 50 coins as a reward. Hence, the process of finding random numbers is also called: “mining”.
5.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
The Bitcoin system has been running smoothly since its launch in 2009 without any major failures, which is a testament to the effectiveness and security of PoW. In the PoW consensus, a node needs to control 51% of the computing power of the whole network to launch an attack. In the absence of a centralized node, the probability of a successful node attack is very low. Therefore, PoW consensus can effectively guarantee the security of the blockchain system. However, in PoW consensus, nodes constantly performing hashing operations will consume a large number of power resources, and blockchain chain systems using PoW consensus generally have serious energy consumption problems. In addition, the throughput of transactions in PoW consensus is very low. E.g., Bitcoin processes about seven transactions per second due to the limitation of block-out time and block size. This low transaction throughput makes it difficult to meet other application scenarios.
5.1.3. Improved Algorithms
PoEWAL (proof of elapsed work and luck) : The PoEWAL consensus reduced the energy cost of the consensus by adding a time limit to the PoW. The mechanism emphasizes consensus by solving problems partially rather than completely within a fixed time frame. By adjusting the size of a given time period, the resource consumption of block mining can be effectively reduced, and devices with low computing power can also participate in mining. However, the essence of the consensus is still to obtain more consecutive zero hash values through continuous hashing operations. There is a problem similar to PoW where nodes with high arithmetic power have a higher probability of successful mining.
The trust-based PoW mechanism : It can effectively solve the problem of high energy consumption in PoW consensus while ensuring the security of the blockchain network. By introducing the attribute of the node credit value, the higher the credit value, the lower the difficulty of node mining. Using a malicious behavior detection mechanism, the behavior of nodes is divided into positive and negative aspects, and positive behavior helps to increase the credit value of nodes. In contrast, negative behavior decreases the credit value of nodes. The positive aspect is expressed as the number of valid transactions calculated and verified by the node in the consensus process. In contrast, the negative aspect is determined by the node’s malicious behavior time and penalty coefficient, where the malicious behavior is divided into two types. One is the node’s lazy inaction in the consensus process. The other is the node’s double spending attack in the transaction. The system dynamically adjusts the penalty factor according to the actual malicious behavior of the node, but it will bring on an additional computational overhead for malicious behavior monitoring.
5.2. Pos/Dpos
5.2.1. Overview
The Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithm is designed to solve the problem of wasting a lot of resources by using PoW mining. Unlike PoW, which determines the bookkeeping right through the arithmetic power of nodes, PoS differentiates the bookkeeping right through the “equity” of nodes owning coins. The core idea of PoS is that in a decentralized network, the node with the largest equity will have a greater incentive to maintain the network. In terms of implementation, PoS introduces the coin age to dynamically adjust the mining level of nodes with different equity. The older the node, the lower the difficulty of mining it. Based on the appealing advantages of PoS, the PoS algorithm was first adopted in the blockchain platform peercoin, and Ethereum’s consensus mechanism was transitioned from PoW to PoS on 15 September 2022.
Although PoS solves the energy consumption problem of PoW, the performance is still not improved. In response to the performance problems of PoS, Dan proposed the delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) algorithm . The topology of DPoS is shown in Figure 6. DPoS reduces the pressure on the network by reducing the number of participating consensus nodes and adding an election mechanism to PoS. As a variant of PoS, DPoS is similar to PoS in that the number of representative members is limited and elected by all, and the elected representatives participate in the consensus.
Mathematics 11 00101 g006 550Figure 6. DPoS topology.
5.2.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
PoS consensus can significantly provide the transaction throughput of the system and reduce the energy loss in the consensus process. However, PoS consensus has disadvantages such as poor fairness and ease of generating the Matthew effect. The use of coin age will make it easier for the node with more tokens to gain bookkeeping rights, shifting the power gradually to that node, decentralizing the degree of decentralization, and making fairness worse.
5.2.3. Improved Algorithms
e-PoS : In response to the possibility that PoS can lead to centralization and unfairness in blockchain systems, Saadd et al. improved PoS and proposed modular e-PoS. Compared with PoS, e-PoS can resist the power concentration of the network.
Ouroboros : Kiayias et al. proposed the first proof-of-stake-based consensus protocol with strict security guarantees. Ouroboros also employed a new incentive mechanism to incentivize “proof-of-stake” protocols, where honest behavior is an approximate Nash equilibrium.
5.3. Pbft
5.3.1. Overview
Practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) can tolerate Byzantine faults. The PBFT algorithm was proposed by Miguel Castro and Barbara Liskov in 1999. It improves the efficiency of the Byzantine algorithm and reduces the complexity from exponential to polynomial, making Byzantine fault tolerance practical. The PBFT algorithm can achieve 2f + 1 fault tolerance; f is the number of Byzantine nodes that can be tolerated; and 2f + 1 can ensure that the correct nodes in it send more information than malicious nodes. Therefore, the minimum number of nodes required by PBFT is 3f + 1 (the maximum number of fault-tolerant nodes is (n − 1)/3).
The PBFT algorithm is divided into five stages: request, preparation, preparation, confirmation, and reply. The process is shown in Figure 7. In the request stage, the client initiates a transaction request to the master node. In the pre-preparation phase, the master node verifies the message signature after receiving the request from the client. After the message signature verification is passed, it broadcasts the pre-preparing message to all the network’s nodes. In the preparation phase, the replica node verifies the message after receiving the pre-preparing information broadcast by the master node. If the verification is passed, the node broadcasts the prepare message to other nodes. In the confirmation phase, after receiving the correct prepare message from 2f other nodes, the node will enter the prepared state and send a commit message to other nodes. In the reply phase, after the node receives the commit message, it verifies the message, passes the verification, and waits for the commit message sent by 2f + 1 different nodes. After receiving the message, it will send a reply message to the client.
Mathematics 11 00101 g007 550Figure 7. PBFT consensus process.
5.3.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
The PBFT algorithm can realize Byzantine fault tolerance with polynomial complexity and reach a consensus in the presence of malicious nodes in the network so that the Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm can be applied in practical systems. However, the PBFT algorithm has problems such as high communication complexity, a fixed number of nodes, poor scalability and dynamics, and only being suitable for private chains or consortium chains. In terms of network resource consumption, the frequent broadcasting of messages by the system will also lead to high bandwidth consumption. When the number of participating nodes increases, network congestion will likely occur, resulting in system performance degradation. Regarding the number of participating nodes, the number of nodes in the PBFT algorithm remains unchanged, the nodes cannot enter and exit at will, and the number of nodes is fixed.
5.3.3. Improved Algorithms
Hot-Stuff : This algorithm was proposed by Abra et al. It improves the efficiency of the distributed consistency algorithm by making improvements to PBFT. The Hot-Stuff algorithm uses a parallel pipeline processing proposal, which is equivalent to combining the preparation and commitment phases in PBFT into one phase. In addition, Hot-Stuff uses linear view change (LVC), which reduces the communication complexity in view change.
RPBFT : In response to the problems of arbitrary master node selection, a high communication overhead, poor dynamics, and low efficiency in the PBFT algorithm, Li proposed the practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm (RPBFT) based on role management. The RPBFT algorithm divides nodes into three roles, manager, candidate, and normal nodes; and realizes the transition between roles through a reward mechanism and election mechanism. Each role has specific responsibilities, so the nodes do not need to restart the system during joining and exiting. Meanwhile, using a synchronous verification mechanism instead of the traditional view replacement protocol increases the node efficiency.
5.4. Discussion
The consensus mechanism is the core part of a blockchain. The traditional distributed consensus mechanism (PBFT) is not well adapted to the unique open environment of the blockchain, and the network connection is replicated between nodes. Therefore, traditional distributed consensus blockchain systems often employ various networking assumptions. However, reality often differs from our assumptions. Consensus mechanisms explicitly designed for blockchains (such as PoW, although its original purpose is not this, are still regarded as representatives of blockchain consensus mechanisms) often do not need to make various assumptions about the network and nodes. Thus, openness and decentralization tend to be stronger. In different application scenarios, the two have their advantages and disadvantages, and blockchain designers must choose.
6. Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are the core of blockchain 2.0 , represented by Ethereum smart contracts. They allow a blockchain to handle complex transactions not just limited to cryptocurrency ones. The concept of smart contracts was proposed before the emergence of blockchain, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the modern Internet. However, limited by the technological development at that time, smart contracts were not widely used until the emergence of blockchains.
Smart contracts are digitally established contractual terms that are self-verifying, self-executing, and do not require a third party. Compared to traditional contracts, smart contracts are more efficient, less costly, more secure, and free from “repudiation”. Smart contracts are designed to perform safely and efficiently without a trusted third party, which aligns with the “decentralized trust” of blockchain. The smart contract in a blockchain is essentially a piece of code that runs continuously, cannot be modified once deployed, and is executed automatically when a predefined condition is triggered. A blockchain enables reliable information exchange, value transfer, and asset management through smart contracts.
6.1. Development
Smart contracts were first proposed by American computer scientist Nick Szabo in 1995 . In 2009, the Bitcoin platform went online, supporting the use of Bitcoin scripts to manage transactions with the prototype of smart contracts. Bitcoin also represented the first generation of blockchain technology. In 2014, Ethereum introduced smart contracts and supported the creation of smart contracts in the Turing-complete programming language. In 2016, Kosba et al. proposed Hawk, a smart contract development framework that protects user privacy. In 2018, Kalra et al. proposed ZEUS, a smart contract security analysis framework. The framework provides an order of magnitude improvement in security analysis time compared to previous techniques. In 2020, Zheng et al. classified smart contract applications by comparing and analyzing typical smart contract platforms.
In summary, smart contracts are evolving towards easier development, higher security, and widespread application. Additionally, with the rise in blockchain technology, smart contracts will also receive more attention from scholars while developing rapidly.
6.2. Contract Languages
Smart contracts are deployed to blockchains, which requires the contracts to be strongly typed, as blockchains have valuable storage space. In addition, smart contracts should be easy to read and not misleading. Therefore, traditional programming languages such as C/C++ and Java do not write smart contracts very well. Programming languages for smart contracts have been born to meet the development needs of smart contracts.
6.2.1. Solidity
Solidity is a new language developed specifically for Ethereum smart contracts. It has a syntax similar to JavaScript and runs on EVM. Solidity is a statically typed programming language that supports inheritance, libraries, and user-defined types. It can be used to create voting, crowdfunding, blind auctions, and multi-signatures. It can be used to create a variety of contracts, such as voting, crowdfunding, blind auction, and multi-signature wallet. On Ethernet, solidity contracts are compiled into bytecode, written to blocks through special transactions, and eventually executed by other transactions driven by the Ethernet VM. Solidity is one of the most widely used contract languages today, but at the same time, solidity has seen many security vulnerabilities and corresponding attacks.
6.2.2. Vyper
To solve solidity’s security vulnerabilities, Vyper provides a smart contract language focusing on simplicity, suitability, and security , a contract-oriented Python programming language targeting EVM . Vyper has a very clean and easy-to-understand syntax, so it is almost impossible for developers to write misleading programs.
6.2.3. Daml
The DAML language is a domain-specific language specifically designed to encode shared business logic for simple, secure, and efficient applications. DAML is used for developing and deploying distributed applications in blockchain environments and is one of the best programming languages for smart contracts. Developers can use DAML to write applications quickly and concisely as an open-source programming language.
6.3. Platform Comparison
6.3.1. Bitcoin
In the Bitcoin network, users can write Bitcoin scripts to manage transactions. Bitcoin scripts are used to implement bitcoin transaction validation by checking a transaction’s lock script and unlock script. Bitcoin scripts are stack-based, non-stateful, non-Turing-complete scripting languages with no complex statements such as select and loop statements, and therefore, they have limited functionality. Bitcoin scripting reduces the complexity of the system while meeting the requirements of transaction needs. However, it also brings disadvantages, such as low flexibility and limited usage.
To allow Bitcoin to adapt to different systems, Bitcoin scripts are designed to be stateless so that a script can be executed similarly on any system. Suppose a script is validated on one system. In that case, it ensures that every other system in the Bitcoin network can also validate the script, meaning that a valid transaction is valid for everyone. A Bitcoin script is a sequence of actions for a transaction that describes what happens to the next person who wants to spend the bitcoins being transferred and will gain access to them, divided into locking scripts and transaction scripts. Bitcoin scripts have the makings of a smart contract.
6.3.2. Ethereum
For the first time in a blockchain system, Ethereum introduced smart contracts that support Turing completeness . Ethereum uses Solidity to write smart contracts. Solidity is a contract-oriented, high-level programming language created to implement smart contracts. In Ethereum, smart contracts deploy bytecode to the Ethereum network through transactions. Ethereum successful deployment generates a new smart contract account, executed by an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). When deploying a smart contract, the contract code is first compiled into EVM bytecode by the SOLC smart contract compiler, and then a single transaction is used to create the smart contract. Ethereum smart contracts are Turing-complete, so in theory, users can write programs that do anything with them. It is easy to create contracts for voting, crowdfunding, closed auctions, multi-signature wallets, etc., using solidity, and they can meet most smart contract development needs.
6.3.3. Hyperledger Fabric
Hyperledger Fabric is a platform for distributed ledger solutions based on a modular architecture that is highly confidential, resilient, flexible, and scalable. Its main purpose is to support the pluggability of different components to the complexity and complexity of the economic ecosystem. Hyperledger Fabric typically deploys smart contracts in the form of chain code. In Hyperledger Fabric, the chain code is the business bearer and is primarily responsible for the specific business logic, i.e., encapsulating transaction definitions and processing logic into interfaces. Each chain code runs in a protected container (Docker), isolated from the running of background nodes. Hyperledger Fabric supports writing smart contracts in multiple languages, such as golang, java, and node.js, which greatly reduces the development threshold for smart contracts.
6.3.4. Eos
The Enterprise Operation System (EOS), a commercially distributed application blockchain operating system, is a new blockchain system developed by Block.one which aims to decentralize everything. As a new blockchain architecture , EOS provides a platform for smart contract development. It distributes storage designed to address scalability issues common in blockchain systems such as Ethereum and Bitcoin. EOS provides a decentralized application development environment with high transaction throughput through dPoS consensus and BFT consensus. Unlike Ether, which uses a virtual machine to execute smart contracts, EOS uses WebAssembly3, a portable, small, fast-loading, and web-compatible format, so users can write smart contracts in various languages as long as they can be compiled into WebAssembly3 (e.g., C++).
6.3.5. Avalanche
Avalanche is a new generation of public chain projects, and the main network was launched in September 2020. Avalanche is not a blockchain but a collection of blockchains composed of multiple subnets. The subnet has a special subnet consisting of three blockchains, the Primary Network. The three chains are the exchange chain (X-chain), platform chain (P-chain), and contract chain (C-chain). Each of the three chains has its functions, and they can be converted across chains, making it more convenient for users to take advantage of assets. The X-chain is responsible for the establishment and transferal of assets, and most users use this chain when transferring assets or trading assets. The P-chain is responsible for storing the data, information, and verification work on the chain. The C-chain is responsible for the functions of smart contracts. This chain is compatible with EVM, so it can be applied to most smart contracts. Thanks to its unique structure compared with traditional blockchain platforms, Avalanche has higher performance—it can achieve more than 4500tps—and is more scalable and secure.
6.4. Example
The following is an example of a money transfer contract to show the complete workflow of smart contract development, deployment, and execution. Suppose A wants to transfer money to B through a smart contract. The contract workflow is shown in Figure 8. First is development, where the business process of transferring money from A to B is written as smart-contract source code, and the source code is compiled into bytecode by a compiler. Next is deployment, where the compiled bytecode is deployed to the blockchain network via a single transaction. After consensus in the P2P network, the contract address is returned for contract invocation. Finally, when the deployed smart contract triggers an execution condition or is invoked to execute the contract transaction (e.g., deducting a specified amount from A’s account and adding a specified amount to B’s wallet), the result of the execution will be written to the block.
Mathematics 11 00101 g008 550Figure 8. Smart contract workflow.
In the process of transferring funds from A to B, the whole process is open and transparent without the intervention of a third party, and the results of the transaction execution are written to the blockchain and cannot be tampered with.
6.5. Discussion
The execution of smart contracts does not require the participation of a third party and can respond to user requests at any time, ensuring the fairness and efficiency of transactions. Before the contract is deployed, all the terms and execution processes have been formulated and executed under the computer’s absolute control, so there is no possibility of errors in the entire process. Once the contract is deployed, all content cannot be modified. If one party breaks the contract, it will be punished accordingly. Using smart contracts can save transaction fees charged by banks and service fees of intermediaries. In addition to the advantages mentioned above, smart contracts still have the following problems: security issues, as it is difficult for anyone to guarantee the complete correctness of the code, and errors cannot be modified; interface problems, as each blockchain has different forms of storage for digital assets; the issue of how to call smart contracts across blockchains to realize asset transfers remains to be researched.
7. Applications
From blockchain 1.0 to blockchain 3.0, blockchain technology has been flourishing. Blockchain technology has also been applied from the earliest cryptocurrency to a wider range of fields, such as cryptocurrency, healthcare, IoT, Security AI, and NFT. . The decentralized, open, and transparent characteristics of blockchain can also bring decentralized solution ideas to existing problems in some fields.
7.1. Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies have been around since the 1990s but were not used and developed for various reasons until the emergence of Bitcoin made them widely known. Electronic cash (Ecash) emerged in 1990, changing the way traditional money works and allowing it to be traded digitally and anonymously over the Internet. In 1997, Back proposed the hashcash algorithm mechanism , which calculates a token through the CPU cost function and can be used as a proof of workload. In 1998, Dai proposed the electronic cryptocurrency system B-money, a distributed system that uses cryptography to control the currency for transactions, and first adopted the idea of decentralization to design cryptocurrency. In 2008, influenced by the global financial crisis, the international community began exploring innovative finance. Satoshi Nakamoto proposed Bitcoin in this context, which also marked the birth of Blockchain 1.0 technology. Satoshi Nakamoto combined a distributed system using cryptography from Ecash and B-money and a proof-of-work mechanism from Back and Finney to solve the trust and Byzantine problems. Bitcoin is a P2P form of digital currency. Unlike traditional currencies, Bitcoin does not have a central currency issuer, and the P2P network nodes work together to keep the system running. Bitcoin is also the most successfully used cryptocurrency to date.
Cryptocurrency is by far the most successful and well-known application of blockchain. Cryptocurrencies, represented by Bitcoin, were once synonymous with blockchain. It is foreseeable that even in the future when blockchains are widely used, cryptocurrencies will remain among of the most important blockchain applications.
7.2. Energy
Current energy trading methods are still dominated by traditional centralized trading, which suffers from inefficient trading, opaque trading information, and long settlement times; and distrustful and opaque energy markets have potential security and privacy issues. In addition, intermittent energy sources and microgrids are an important part of the energy supply, and the increasing amount of renewables in the energy system requires new market approaches to pricing and decentralized generation .
Compared to centralized generation and single -arket pricing strategies, using a decentralized blockchain to control generation and energy trading can better incentivize generation organizations, improve generation efficiency, and facilitate energy trading. Kang et al. proposed a localized P2P power trading system (PETCON) for local power trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) based on consortium chain technology. In PETCON, electricity trading among PHEVs is resolved through an iterative double-auction mechanism that maximizes social welfare while protecting PHEVs’ privacy. Su et al. proposed a smart-contract-based energy blockchain system that enables secure charging services for electric vehicles by executing smart contracts. The experimental results show that the scheme has higher efficiency compared to other conventional schemes.
Blockchain technology will be applied more to decentralized energy management and energy trading in the future, and decentralized energy management systems can supplement the current centralized energy management system.
7.3. Healthcare
The current information systems of most medical institutions are centralized and stored independently, which makes it difficult to efficiently interconnect data among medical institutions and inconvenient for patients to seek medical treatment across institutions. Centralized information systems are also vulnerable to hacking and data leakage, compromising patients’ privacy.
Blockchain’s tamper-proof and verification features can ensure that patients’ private information is not leaked . Azaria et al. have built a decentralized record management system (MedRec) to handle electronic medical data using blockchain technology. The system provides a comprehensive, immutable patient log and is easily accessible. Using PoW incentives enables patients to participate as “miners” in maintaining the system’s security while allowing patients and providers to choose the release of metadata to facilitate medical research. healthbank, a Swiss global digital health startup, offers users a secure blockchain-based data management platform , where users can store and manage their health information data, and the sovereignty of the data is in the hands of the user. In addition, healthbank can act as a data trading platform where users can save data for medical research, and where users can receive specific financial compensation for the data they provide. hirtan et al. implemented a medical data-sharing system using Hyperledger Fabric, which can share important information about medical analytics among hospitals, medical clinics, and research institutions based on patient-defined access policies. The system uses a combination of public and private chains to protect user privacy. The private chain stores the user’s accurate ID information, and the public chain stores patient health information labeled with temporary IDs.
In summary, the use of blockchain to build a decentralized medical data management platform enables the sharing of medical data to facilitate medical research while ensuring the privacy and security of the data.
7.4. Internet of Things
IoT devices are found in various scenarios, such as cities, buildings, and homes. IoT combines various information sensing devices with networks to form a huge network to achieve interconnection of people, machines, and things at any time and place, allowing traditional devices to become intelligent and autonomous . However, the IoT still has issues such as security and privacy that hinder its widespread use.
A blockchain can establish decentralized trust in a distributed environment , which helps to overcome the security issues and privacy problems of IoT. Alphand et al. combined an object-based IoT security architecture and an ACE authorization framework. Their solution uses a blockchain to replace a single ACE authorization server. It enables smart contracts, handles authorization requests, and uses a self-healing key distribution scheme to achieve efficient management of the IoT. Li et al. proposed a multilayer, secure IoT network model based on blockchain technology, providing a wide-area network solution for the IoT. The model reduces the difficulty of blockchain deployment by dividing the IoT into a multi-layered decentralized network while ensuring the high security and trustworthiness of the blockchain. Pinno et al. proposed a blockchain-based IoT access authorization architecture that ensures the privacy and confidentiality of information collected by IoT devices. The architecture is compatible with many access control models used in the IoT today.
In summary, more and more blockchain technologies are being applied to the Internet of Things (IoT) to solve the privacy and security problems in the IoT. However, a blockchain consumes many resources, and IoT devices generally have little computing power and storage space, so the traditional blockchain is not directly applicable to the IoT.
7.5. Security AI
Thanks to the development of computing power brought about by cloud computing and the generation of many samples in the era of big data, artificial intelligence technology, represented by machine learning, has been developed and used increasingly. However, studies have shown that machine learning models are vulnerable to attacks that lead to privacy leaks, posing privacy and security risks.
Blockchain’s data are highly redundant and decentralized, which is ideal for storing and protecting important privacy data from data loss or privacy leakage caused by attacks or mismanagement of centralized institutions. In recent years, various scholars have researched how blockchain can be applied to AI privacy protection. Zyskind et al. implemented a decentralized personal data management system based on blockchain technology to ensure that users own and control their data. Additionally, they implemented a protocol that turns the blockchain into an automated access control manager that does not require a third party. Chen et al. proposed LearningChain, a decentralized machine learning system for privacy protection and security, and designed a distributed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm to learn general prediction models. Decentralized SGD uses a differential privacy-based scheme to protect the data privacy of each party. Qi et al. proposed a federated learning framework based on the consortium chains which can achieve secure and reliable federated learning without the need for a central model server. The federated learning framework can effectively protect model data privacy and prevent data poisoning attacks due to the noise-added differential privacy mechanism.
The blockchain can be regarded as a decentralized trusted database, replacing the centralized server to realize the data storage function required for machine learning and avoid privacy and security attacks on the central server.
7.6. Nft
A Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a token issued according to the Ethereum ERC721 and ERC1155 standards. It has indivisible, irreplaceable, and unique characteristics. Through NFTs, all tokenized properties can be freely traded with customized values based on age, rarity, liquidity, etc. NFT is mainly used for games, artworks, domain names, collectibles, virtual assets, real assets tokenization, and other fields, especially artwork and games that have received great attention in the market. NFT has greatly stimulated the prosperity of the decentralized application market. According to data from the cryptoslam website, as of August 2022, the cumulative transaction volume of NFT has reached $39,245,668,068. Wang et al. conducted systematic research on NFTs for the first time, pointing out that the development of the NFT ecosystem is at an early stage, and related technologies need to be further developed.
7.7. Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is generally considered the next generation of the Internet, a decentralized Internet running on blockchain technology. In this environment, users do not have to create multiple identities on different centralized platforms but can create a decentralized universal digital identity system that can pass through various platforms. The most prominent feature of Web 3.0 is that it can not only realize the exchange of data but also realize the circulation of value . Web 1.0 data are read-only, such as Yahoo and MSN data. Web 2.0 data are read–write interactive, such as Facebook and Twitter data. Web 3.0 data are read–write interactive and owned and controlled by the creator; representative applications include Bitcoin, Ethereum, IPFS, etc. Web 3.0 is a new network infrastructure that integrates the traditional Internet, blockchain, programmable economy, etc. It is currently experiencing a blockchain, and its final architecture is uncertain, but the booming trend is unavoidable.
Shentu / US Dollars (CTKUSDT) Coin Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
Shentu Chain is a security-focused delegated proof-of-stake blockchain designed for the secure execution of mission-critical applications, including DeFi, NFTs, and autonomous vehicles. The platform places a strong emphasis on cross-chain compatibility and operates as a Cosmos Hub with comprehensive compatibility for EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) and Hyperledger Burrow. It also supports eWASM and Ant Financial's AntChain. Shentu Chain offers a Security Oracle that delivers real-time monitoring of on-chain transactions across various protocols, proactively identifying and flagging potential malicious vulnerabilities before they can be exploited. Depending on their security score, audited blockchain projects from any protocol may qualify for ShentuShield membership, a decentralized reimbursement system designed to compensate users for crypto assets that are lost or stolen due to security issues. ShentuShield memberships are open to all community members of eligible blockchain projects, providing an added layer of security for crypto asset holders in case of unexpected events.
Projects on Shentu Chain have the option to code in DeepSEA, an exceptionally secure programming language supported by prominent organizations such as the Ethereum Foundation, Qtum Foundation, and IBM. DeepSEA seamlessly interfaces with the Shentu Virtual Machine (SVM), which is fully compatible with EVM. SVM introduces innovative ways to access, verify, and incorporate risk-related information into smart contract decisions. The native digital utility token of Shentu Chain is CTK, which serves as the core utility for various on-chain functions, including operating the Security Oracle and ShentuShield systems, covering gas costs on the Shentu Chain, and participating in governance decisions within the network.
ShentuShield is a decentralized membership system designed to facilitate reimbursements for lost or stolen cryptocurrency assets from any blockchain protocol. The decision-making process for reimbursements lies entirely in the hands of ShentuShield members, who can be blockchain projects or individual community supporters. Members have the option to participate in various capacities, either as Collateral Providers or Shield Purchasers. Collateral Providers contribute their own collateral, typically in the form of CTK tokens, and in return, they earn staking rewards on their staked CTK. They also receive a portion of the fees paid by Shield Purchasers.
Shield Purchasers, on the other hand, set aside funds from the Pool to act as a reserve for potential reimbursements of their own cryptocurrency assets. In exchange for this protection, Shield Purchasers pay a fee in CTK, which directly benefits the Collateral Providers. The CTK fees collected from Shield Purchasers are used to compensate Collateral Providers in the event of a reimbursement request.
This unique system fosters a collaborative ecosystem where participants collectively share the responsibility of safeguarding crypto assets and providing reimbursement support. It offers transparency through a list of publicly viewable and audited clients, ensuring accountability and trust within the community.
The Security Oracle comprises a decentralized network of operators equipped with cutting-edge security technologies, responsible for assessing the trustworthiness of mission-critical smart contracts, particularly those employed in DeFi applications. As compensation for delivering real-time, updatable security scores, these operators are rewarded with CTK tokens. The Security Oracle is designed for interoperability, making it compatible with any protocol. This interoperability empowers users of various protocols to make informed decisions before engaging with smart contracts. Smart contracts that have integrated the Security Oracle can proactively identify and block potentially malicious transactions, thereby mitigating the risk of cryptocurrency asset loss.
Although the Shentu Virtual Machine (SVM) is fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), its architecture is inspired by the widely used x86-64 OS process model found in computers worldwide. There is also potential for future extensions to support arm64. The SVM introduces the capability to configure on-chain security parameters, allowing smart contracts to interact with one another in ways that align with their individual risk tolerances. Moreover, the SVM is designed to incorporate a smart contract sandbox, which isolates the operation of smart contracts, particularly those that haven't been adequately secured, from the broader system. This isolation enhances security and minimizes potential risks associated with unverified smart contracts.
DeepSEA is a highly secure programming language and compiler toolchain that seamlessly integrates with the Shentu Virtual Machine (SVM), Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), eWASM, and Ant Financial's AntChain. DeepSEA has received research grants from Ethereum, IBM-Columbia, and Qtum to advance its exceptionally secure programming language. When developers use DeepSEA for coding, the language automatically generates mathematical proofs to demonstrate the alignment between the intended specification and the actual code. This automatic proof generation enables a more comprehensive level of formal verification and correctness in smart contract development, enhancing security and reliability.
Technical Analysis:
We have applied Fibonacci retracement tools, extending from $0 to $3.97 the so called last great bullish cycle. Within this analysis, we have identified potential support and resistance areas on the chart based on the retracement levels.
In addition to the retracement levels, we have utilized Fibonacci projection tools to delineate additional potential support areas below the previous all-time low price. This projection is based on the most recent market cycle. Consequently, we have established two potential support levels at $0.45 and $0.2.
Furthermore, we have outlined three potential price targets using the Fibonacci retracement levels from the ATH cycle. These targets are anticipated within the next few weeks to months and are as follows:
First Target Price (1 TP): $0.85
Second Target Price (2 TP): $1.5
Third Target Price (3 TP): $2
These levels serve as key reference points for our analysis, guiding our expectations for future price movements.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
Zebec / US Dollar (ZBCUSDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
Zebec, a pioneer in the realm of streaming finance, enables the seamless and real-time flow of payments and financial transactions for various purposes, including payroll and investments. Founded in 2021, Zebec has attracted significant investments totaling $35 million from prominent companies like Circle, Coinbase, Solana Ventures, Breyer Capital, Republic, and Lightspeed Venture Partners, among others. Presently, Zebec serves a multitude of companies, orchestrates thousands of continuous payment streams, and has successfully integrated blockchain technology into everyday financial operations.
Zebec's vision extends far beyond web3 applications. The company aspires to create a future where the movement of money is unhindered, granting individuals, businesses, investors, and teams swift and convenient access to funds and tokens. In pursuit of this vision, Zebec leverages its cutting-edge technology to bridge traditional payroll providers with the world of real-time payroll.
Initially established as a decentralized streaming protocol on the Solana blockchain, Zebec has since expanded its presence to other blockchains, including BNB Chain and NEAR. It is actively developing a multi-chain ecosystem to support both traditional and web3 payroll applications. Zebec's current lineup of fintech products and services encompasses real-time payroll, payment cards, and treasury management.
The Zebec Card, the first Solana-based payment card, is currently accessible in the UK and 26 European countries, with plans for release in the US, LatAm, and Asia in the near future. Powered by the Mastercard network and accepted by merchants worldwide, the Zebec Card empowers users to effortlessly convert cryptocurrency payments and savings into fiat currency for everyday expenditures.
Through its technology partnership with Payroll Growth Partners, an investor in US-based payroll companies, Zebec has introduced its real-time payroll technology to a diverse range of real-world businesses. Zebec's paycard technology and real-time payments bridge the gap between cryptocurrency and fiat payments, affording employees flexibility in how they receive their salaries.
Zebec Labs serves as the company's innovation hub and incubator ecosystem, fostering partner projects, protocols, and ventures. A prominent initiative within Zebec Labs is Nautilus.
Nautilus Chain, a high-performance and versatile blockchain, is paving the way for the next generation of DeFi and consumer applications, facilitating a continuous stream of transactions and payments. Nautilus, as the precursor to the forthcoming Zebec Chain, is purpose-built to support and enhance Zebec's global payment flows seamlessly.
The $ZBC token stands as Zebec's utility and governance token. Holders of $ZBC, who are members of the Zebec DAO, play an active role in shaping the protocol's future. They participate in governance decisions, administration matters, and priority-setting, all while earning rewards and enjoying discounted streaming services on Zebec.
The $ZBC token follows a deflationary model, with its total supply decreasing over time. Each month, 50% of protocol profits are allocated to buy back and burn $ZBC tokens, effectively managing its price. For details on DAO Treasury status, refer to this link.
The $ZBC token is actively traded on numerous global exchanges, including Kucoin, Bybit, OKX, Crypto.com, Huobi, Gate, BitMart, Bitget, Gemini, Raydium, Orca, Pancake Swap, OpenOcean, Solstarter, Cropper, Solster, among others, and has a history of being among the top-performing tokens in the market.
Technical Analysis:
We have applied Fibonacci retracement tools, extending from $0 to its all-time high (ATH) of $0.05399. Within this analysis, we have identified potential support and resistance areas on the chart based on the retracement levels.
In addition to the retracement levels, we have utilized Fibonacci projection tools to delineate additional potential support areas below the previous all-time low price. This projection is based on the most recent market cycle. Consequently, we have established three potential support levels at $0.0081 at 85% and $0.00619 which is 88.6% Fibonacci retracement level and ultimately at $0.00265 at 95% .
Furthermore, we have outlined three potential price targets using the Fibonacci retracement levels from the ATH cycle. These targets are anticipated within the next few weeks to months and are as follows:
First Target Price (1 TP): $0.02063
Second Target Price (2 TP): $0.02778
Third Target Price (3 TP): $0.0333
These levels serve as key reference points for our analysis, guiding our expectations for future price movements.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
dYdX / US Dollar (DYDXUSDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
DYDX (dYdX) is the governance token associated with the layer 2 protocol of the decentralized cryptocurrency exchange that shares its name. This token plays a crucial role in facilitating the operation of the layer 2 protocol and empowers traders, liquidity providers, and partners to actively participate in shaping the protocol's future as part of the community.
Token holders enjoy various privileges, including the ability to propose changes to the dYdX layer 2 protocol. They also have opportunities for profit through activities such as token staking and trading fee discounts.
Leveraging the StarkEx scalability engine from Starkware, the layer 2 solution on dYdX is specifically tailored for cross-margined perpetual trading. This scaling solution enhances transaction speed, eliminates gas costs, reduces trading fees, and lowers minimum trade sizes on the platform.
As an open-source platform with smart contract capabilities, dYdX serves as a versatile ecosystem for users to engage in lending, borrowing, and trading various crypto assets. While the platform does support spot trading, its primary focus lies in derivatives and margin trading.
Founded in 2017, dYdX secured over $10 million in seed venture capitalist funding and officially launched in 2019. The DXDY token's initial coin offering (ICO) took place on September 9th, 2021.
dYdX stands as a cryptocurrency exchange that melds advanced financial tools with the principles of decentralization. The platform offers support for margin trading, a financial product that empowers investors to amplify their exposure to digital assets through leverage. dYdX offers two distinct margin trading options: isolated margin, allowing users to allocate specific funds for a trade, and cross-margin, which utilizes all assets held by a trader on the platform. Additionally, dYdX facilitates the trading of perpetuals, a type of futures contract without a predetermined expiry date. The exchange provides a maximum leverage of 25x on synthetic assets that have no expiration date.
When users deposit funds into their dYdX accounts, they immediately begin earning interest, as their assets become part of a global lending pool dedicated to each cryptocurrency. dYdX ensures the security of lenders by requiring borrowers to maintain sufficient collateral in their accounts at all times. Borrowing on dYdX enables users to swiftly acquire any available asset on the platform by using their existing funds as collateral for the loan. Unlike automated market makers such as Uniswap, dYdX employs an order book architecture.
dYdX's Layer 2 solution enhances network scalability by implementing zero-knowledge rollup technology, specifically zkSTARKS. This technology generates proofs while validating a batch of transactions off-chain. These proofs are then transmitted back to the blockchain, where they are verified by a smart contract. zkSTARKS allows for the offloading of resource-intensive computations from the mainnet without compromising decentralization.
In addition to trading and liquidity provider rewards, dYdX introduces retroactive mining benefits, demonstrating gratitude to historical users and encouraging their continued participation on the Layer 2 protocol. Token holders can stake their assets in dYdX's safety and liquidity pools. The safety pool serves as a safeguard in case of a shortfall event, while the liquidity pool aims to attract high-quality market makers to the platform.
DYDX is an ERC-20 token that has been deployed on the Ethereum mainnet. The layer 2 scaling solution utilized by dYdX is constructed on Starkware's ZK-STARKS technology, leveraging the Ethereum blockchain to validate transaction proofs.
The DYDX token was initially made available for purchase in September 2021.
Antonio Juliano, a seasoned programmer with a strong background in blockchain technology, serves as the Founder and CEO of dYdX. His foray into the cryptocurrency realm began in 2015 when he secured a position as a software engineer at Coinbase, a prominent cryptocurrency exchange platform. Holding a computer science degree from Princeton University, Antonio Juliano embarked on his entrepreneurial journey and established dYdX in early 2017.
Zhuoxun Yin assumes the role of Head of Operations at dYdX. His prior experience includes positions at Nimble, a social sales and marketing CRM, and Bain & Company, a renowned consulting service. Zhuoxun Yin pursued his education at the University of Queensland, where he earned a bachelor's degree in commerce.
Technical Analysis:
We have applied Fibonacci retracement tools, extending from $0 to its all-time high (ATH) of $27.9. Within this analysis, we have identified potential support and resistance areas on the chart based on the retracement levels.
In addition to the retracement levels, we have utilized Fibonacci projection tools to delineate additional potential support areas below the previous all-time low price. This projection is based on the most recent market cycle. Consequently, we have established three potential support levels at $1.4 or 95% and $1 Defined by Price Action and $0.5 defined by Projection of the past cycle.
Furthermore, we have outlined three potential price targets using the Fibonacci retracement levels from the ATH cycle. These targets are anticipated within the next few weeks to months and are as follows:
First Target Price (1 TP): $4.15
Second Target Price (2 TP): $6
Third Target Price (3 TP): $10.5
These levels serve as key reference points for our analysis, guiding our expectations for future price movements.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
JOE / US Dollar (JOEUSDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
JOE (JOE) serves as the native token for Trader Joe, a decentralized exchange (DEX) operating on the Avalanche (AVAX) blockchain. Trader Joe offers a range of DeFi services, including swapping, staking, and yield farming. Since its launch in June 2021, the exchange has experienced rapid growth, attracting over $4 billion in total value locked (TVL).
Trader Joe places a strong emphasis on a community-first approach and values innovation, speed, and security. The platform aims to provide a comprehensive DeFi experience, offering various services while prioritizing the safety of its users' assets. To achieve these goals, Trader Joe has laid out an ambitious roadmap for 2021, focusing on token-holder growth. This roadmap includes plans for enhanced staking, the addition of non-fungible-token (NFT) exchange listings, collateralization of the JOE token, and the introduction of leveraged trading features.
Trader Joe offers a full suite of features akin to a modern decentralized exchange (DEX) and combines this with a user-friendly interface, ensuring swift and cost-effective transactions. Users have the option to participate in yield farms, providing liquidity and earning JOE (JOE) tokens as rewards, which can subsequently be staked and used for voting in governance proposals.
In addition to its DEX functionality, Trader Joe operates a lending protocol known as Banker Joe, built upon the Compound (COMP) protocol. This non-custodial lending platform enables users to both borrow and lend funds. Furthermore, users can open leveraged positions, utilizing either their provided liquidity or borrowed funds.
Trader Joe is committed to enhancing the utility and adoption of the JOE token. To achieve this, the project is working on several key additions, aiming to establish itself as the primary DeFi platform within the Avalanche ecosystem. These forthcoming features include the ability to use JOE as collateral for borrowing, the introduction of limit orders, and the inclusion of options and futures trading on the platform.
Thanks to its rapid pace of innovation and distinctive comic book-inspired branding, Trader Joe has attracted substantial support from prominent figures within the DeFi community. Notable backers include Stani Kulechov, the founder of AAVE (AAVE), and Darren Lau, among others.
Trader Joe operates on the Avalanche (AVAX) blockchain, which features a distinctive proprietary consensus mechanism. In this mechanism, all nodes engage in processing and validating transactions by utilizing a directed acyclic graph (DAG) protocol.
At present, the management of the project's treasury is entrusted to its developers, Cryptofish and 0xMurloc. However, the Trader Joe community has plans to establish a multi-signature governance mechanism in the future. In the interim, token holders have the ability to vote on the development of the protocol through the Snapshot platform.
Trader Joe was founded by two pseudonymous developers known as Cryptofish and 0xMurloc.
Cryptofish is a self-described full-stack and smart contract engineer who played an early role in various Avalanche projects, including Snowball and Sherpa Cash. Prior to this, Cryptofish worked at Google and holds a Master's degree in Computer Science from a U.S. university.
On the other hand, 0xMurloc is a full-stack developer with a background in launching several startups and serving as a Senior Product Lead at Grab.
In addition to Cryptofish and 0xMurloc, the Trader Joe team comprises over a dozen other pseudonymous contributors who work across various areas, including software development, marketing, and community management.
The total supply of JOE (JOE) amounts to 500 million tokens. Notably, JOE was introduced to the market without any pre-sale, private sale, or pre-listing allocations.
The distribution of JOE tokens is structured as follows:
50% allocated to liquidity providers.
20% allocated to the project's treasury.
20% designated for the team, subject to a three-month cliff period.
10% reserved for future investors, also subject to a three-month cliff period.
JOE tokens are being emitted over a 30-month period, and individuals staking JOE can earn 0.05% of all trades conducted on the platform. Furthermore, JOE tokens are designed to share a portion of the fees generated from lending interest and liquidations with the staking pool.
It's important to note that the emission rates of JOE are programmed to progressively decrease over time and are set to conclude at the start of January 2024.
Technical Analysis:
We have applied Fibonacci retracement tools, extending from $0 to its all-time high (ATH) of $2.79. Within this analysis, we have identified potential support and resistance areas on the chart based on the retracement levels.
In addition to the retracement levels, we have utilized Fibonacci projection tools to delineate additional potential support areas below the previous all-time low price. This projection is based on the most recent market cycle. Consequently, we have established two potential support levels at $0.13 and $0.07.
Furthermore, we have outlined three potential price targets using the Fibonacci retracement levels from the ATH cycle. These targets are anticipated within the next few weeks to months and are as follows:
First Target Price (1 TP): $0.6
Second Target Price (2 TP): $1.065
Third Target Price (3 TP): $1.4
These levels serve as key reference points for our analysis, guiding our expectations for future price movements.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
Merit Circle MC / US Dollars (MCUSDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
Merit Circle operates as a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) with a primary focus on advancing the play-to-earn (P2E) economy. The project aspires to usher in a new era of gaming, where users can not only enjoy their favorite games but also earn money from their gameplay, transforming it from a mere pastime into a potentially lucrative endeavor.
The project officially launched on November 4, 2021, although its development journey commenced back in July 2021. Despite its relatively young age, Merit Circle has rapidly amassed a substantial community, boasting over 64,800 followers on Twitter.
Merit Circle's current emphasis is on supporting Axie Infinity, the most renowned play-to-earn game featuring monster battles and boasting the highest trading volume. Through play-to-earn, individuals participating in this ecosystem, often referred to as scholars, are not only earning rewards but also acquiring valuable skills that are anticipated to be in high demand as employers increasingly venture into the crypto metaverse.
In the project's roadmap, the DAO intends to extend its support to games like Star Atlas, Illuvium, and Hash Rush. Star Atlas, for instance, is regarded as one of the most ambitious blockchain-based games. Illuvium appears to be an upcoming survival game set in an alien world, while Hash Rush is an online sci-fi/fantasy real-time strategy game situated in the fictional Hermeian galaxy. In these games, players engage in activities such as building, battling, and trading as they strive for survival and victory.
While the concept behind Merit Circle is not entirely novel, the project itself stands as a prominent DAO with the overarching objective of maximizing value accumulation across various metaverse games. Its platform operates at the convergence of capital, expertise, and players, encompassing investors, platform operators, managers, and, most importantly, gamers.
The potential returns offered by the project have the capacity to transform the lives of gamers who engage with it, potentially leading to life-changing income opportunities. Players have embraced the project's value proposition, particularly the scholarship program tailored for them. Presently, there are more than 500 scholars actively participating in Axie Infinity.
The Circle of Merit is already witnessing substantial revenue streams, benefiting both the DAO itself and its participants, including players and liquidity providers. Anticipated future growth is promising, especially since Merit Circle DAO plans to explore additional opportunities within the metaverse through new gaming ventures.
Moreover, Merit Circle has cultivated a notable roster of partners, including DeFiance Capital, Spartan Group, Yield Guild Games, and others. These partnerships include industry-leading entities that have commended Merit Circle for developing a scalable operational framework capable of effectively onboarding, nurturing, and sustaining new members. Arthur from DeFiance Capital expressed confidence that "Merit Circle will be among the top guilds with significant influence in this realm."
All of these partners, alongside a group of angel investors, extended their support to the company during its seed round, contributing to its successful fundraising effort of $4.5 million.
As per a Medium post by Merit Circle, the project underwent a comprehensive audit conducted by Quantstamp, a prominent firm specializing in security assessments within the industry. Quantstamp meticulously assessed and evaluated all facets of the project, initially identifying a total of 12 issues. These issues were promptly addressed, and the code subsequently underwent scrutiny by several individual senior developers. Furthermore, Merit Circle initiated a bug bounty program, enabling the community to thoroughly review the code and identify any additional issues that might have eluded standard checks.
Merit Circle (MC) made its debut at a price of $2.8. Although it briefly dipped below this price on November 5th, reaching $2.7024, it swiftly rebounded and reached an all-time high (ATH) of $9.55 on November 6th, albeit with some subsequent minor corrections. This performance has sparked a significant question within the community: whether MC can reclaim its ATH and potentially breach the $10 mark.
Among the noteworthy recent developments in the project is the introduction of staking, which was officially announced on November 7th. Additionally, the community now has the ability to participate in voting on decisions related to the project's ecosystem. These developments have generated anticipation and interest in the future trajectory of MC's price and its potential for reaching new milestones.
Technical Analysis:
We have applied the Fibonacci retracement tool, starting from $0 and extending to $7.5, as it has demonstrated more reliable reactions and responses to the Fibonacci retracement levels. This approach serves as a robust benchmark for predicting future support, resistance, and potential price surges.
Within our analysis spanning the next few weeks to months, we have established three target areas based on Fibonacci retracement levels:
First Target Price (1 TP): $0.85
Second Target Price (2 TP): $1.6
Third Target Price (3 TP): $2.85
Additionally, we have identified two potential support levels at $0.08 and $0.16. These support levels provide essential reference points for our analysis. Moreover, we have marked several resistance areas on the chart, using Fibonacci retracement levels to further guide our assessment.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
Curve / US Dollars (CRVUSDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental analysis:
Curve functions as a decentralized exchange specializing in stablecoins, employing an automated market maker (AMM) to oversee liquidity management.
Its journey began in January 2020, and Curve has since become closely associated with the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement, experiencing substantial growth in the latter part of 2020.
In August, Curve introduced a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) featuring CRV as its native token. This DAO leverages the Ethereum-based creation tool, Aragon, to establish connections among various smart contracts responsible for handling users' deposited liquidity. It's worth noting that governance within this DAO differs in terms of its weighting and other key aspects compared to Aragon.
Curve has garnered significant attention by fulfilling its role as an Automated Market Maker (AMM) specifically designed for stablecoin trading.
The introduction of the DAO and CRV token has added to its profitability, as CRV serves a governance function and is distributed to users based on their level of liquidity commitment and the duration of their ownership.
The surge in DeFi trading has solidified Curve's position in the industry, as AMMs continue to handle substantial amounts of liquidity, leading to increased user profits.
Consequently, Curve caters to a broad spectrum of DeFi participants, including those engaged in yield farming and liquidity mining, as well as individuals seeking to optimize returns while holding relatively stable and non-volatile stablecoins.
The platform generates revenue by imposing a modest fee, which is then rewarded to liquidity providers.
Curve entails the typical risks associated with depositing funds into smart contracts and engaging with Automated Market Makers (AMMs), primarily the risk of impermanent loss.
Given that Curve exclusively deals with stablecoins, the likelihood of rapid market fluctuations is diminished. However, users may still experience losses when markets undergo rebalancing to align with cross-market price adjustments.
While Curve has undergone audits, it's essential to recognize that these audits do not eliminate the inherent risks associated with exposure to a particular cryptocurrency.
Curve (CRV) made its debut in August 2020, coinciding with the launch of the Curve DAO. Its primary role is to serve as a governance mechanism, provide incentives, facilitate fee payments, and offer a means for long-term earnings to liquidity providers.
The total supply of CRV tokens amounts to 3.03 billion, with the majority (62%) allocated to liquidity providers. The remaining tokens are distributed as follows: 30% to shareholders, 3% to employees, and 5% to a community reserve. It's important to note that both shareholder and employee allocations are subject to a two-year vesting schedule.
CRV did not undergo a premine, and the gradual unlocking of tokens indicates that approximately 750 million tokens should be in circulation one year after the initial launch.
The founder and CEO of Curve is Michael Egorov, a Russian scientist with diverse experience in cryptocurrency-related ventures.
In 2015, he co-founded NuCypher, where he assumed the role of CTO. NuCypher is a cryptocurrency company focused on developing privacy-preserving infrastructure and protocols.
Egorov is also the brain behind LoanCoin, a decentralized bank and loans network.
Curve's core team is integrated into the CRV allocation structure, entitling them to receive tokens over a two-year vesting period as per the initial launch plan.
In August 2020, Egorov acknowledged that he had "overreacted" by locking up a significant number of CRV tokens in response to yearn.finance's voting power, resulting in him obtaining 71% of governance control in the process.
Technical Analysis:
As we observe, the price is currently trading within a range bounded by the Fibonacci retracement levels of 78.6% and 95%. Notably, there is a potential support level at $0.15.
For the anticipated bullish cycles, we have established three potential price targets:
First Target Price (1TP): $6.75
Second Target Price (2TP): $8.5
Third Target Price (3TP): $11
It's worth noting that there are multiple resistance levels marked on the chart, corresponding to the Fibonacci retracement levels.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels and current Price.
Synthetix / US Dollar (SNX/USDT) Token Analysis 11/09/2023Fundamental Analysis:
Synthetix is in the process of constructing a decentralized liquidity provisioning protocol accessible for various purposes by any protocol. Its substantial liquidity and minimal fees act as the infrastructure for numerous exciting protocols on both the Optimism and Ethereum networks. A multitude of user-facing protocols within the Synthetix ecosystem, such as Kwenta (Spot and Futures), Lyra (Options), Polynomial (Automated Options), as well as 1inch & Curve (Atomic Swaps), harness Synthetix liquidity to empower their functionalities.
Synthetix is developed on the Optimism and Ethereum mainnet platforms. The Synthetix Network is secured by collateral in the form of SNX, ETH, and LUSD, enabling the creation of synthetic assets known as Synths. These Synths mimic and generate returns based on underlying assets without necessitating direct possession of the assets themselves. This pooled collateralization paves the way for a variety of on-chain, composable financial instruments supported by liquidity sourced from Synthetix.
Some of the most highly anticipated forthcoming releases from SNX include Perps V2, which seeks to enable cost-effective on-chain futures trading by leveraging off-chain oracles, and Synthetix V3, designed to rebuild the protocol in line with its original objective of becoming a fully permissionless derivatives protocol. You can find more information about Synthetix on their blog or by joining the SNX Discord community.
The platform's mission is to expand the cryptocurrency realm by introducing non-blockchain assets, thereby granting access to a more expansive and robust financial market.
Synthetix operates as a decentralized exchange (DEX) and serves as a platform for synthetic assets. Its architecture is designed to provide users with exposure to underlying assets through synths, eliminating the need to hold the actual assets themselves.
This platform empowers users to autonomously trade and exchange synths, while also offering a staking pool where SNX token holders can stake their tokens and receive rewards in the form of a share of transaction fees from the Synthetix Exchange.
To track the underlying assets, Synthetix employs smart contract price delivery protocols known as oracles. This approach ensures that users can seamlessly trade synths without encountering liquidity or slippage issues, and it eliminates the requirement for third-party intermediaries.
SNX tokens play a crucial role as collateral for the minting of synthetic assets. Whenever synths are generated, SNX tokens are locked up within a smart contract.
Since its inception, the protocol has transitioned to the Optimistic Ethereum mainnet to mitigate gas fees on the network and reduce oracle latency.
The SNX token is compatible with Ethereum’s ERC20 standard. The Synthetix network is secured through proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus. Synthetix holders stake their SNX and earn returns from the network fees.
Another way for SNX stakers to earn rewards is via the protocol’s inflationary monetary policy, known as staking rewards.
The maximum supply of SNX is 323,506,696 coins, of which 269,871,212 SNX is in circulation as of September 2023.
At the seed round and token sale stages, Synthetix sold more than 60 million tokens and was able to raise $30 million. Of the total 100,000,000 coins issued during the ICO, 20% was allocated to the team and advisors, 3% to bounties and marketing incentives, 5% to partnership incentives and 12% to the foundation.
The network was initially launched in September 2017 by Kain Warwick under the name Havven (HAV). Approximately a year later, the company underwent a rebranding, adopting the name Synthetix.
Kain Warwick, the founder of Synthetix, also holds a position as a non-executive director at the blueshyft retail network. Before establishing Synthetix, Warwick had been involved in various other cryptocurrency projects. Additionally, he is the founder of Pouncer, a live auction site exclusive to Australia.
Peter McKean, serving as the project's CEO, boasts over two decades of experience in software development. Prior to his role at Synthetix, he worked as a programmer at ICL Fujitsu.
Jordan Momtazi, the COO of Synthetix, brings to the team his expertise as a business strategist, market analyst, and sales leader, with a wealth of experience in blockchain, cryptocurrency, digital payments, and e-commerce systems.
Justin J. Moses, the CTO, formerly held the position of director of engineering at MongoDB and served as the deputy practice head of engineering at Lab49. He also co-founded Pouncer.
Technical Analysis:
As we observe, the price has experienced a decline from its all-time high (ATH) of $29 and is currently fluctuating within the Fibonacci retracement levels of 88.6% and 95%. Within this range, there are two noteworthy price support zones at $0.8 and $0.3.
We have identified three potential price targets:
First Target Price (1TP): $28.8
Second Target Price (2TP): $36.5
Third Target Price (3TP): $46.5
Furthermore, we can regard the major Fibonacci retracement levels as potential resistance levels, which we have indicated on the chart.
Sentiment Analysis:
Considering the possibility of depreciation in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and the price of Bitcoin (BTC) in the upcoming months, it is reasonable to consider employing a Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy for long positions at the specified support levels.
NDX (Nasdaq 100) Index Analysis 05/01/2021Fundamental Analysis:
As we can see the Index has shown a very strong come back after the Covid-19 pandemic of March 2021 which caused the market to fall and create a panic to the world.
Since then there are lots of changes to the world and the way companies are operating, such as releasing of their premises and offices as they should have discharge lots of their employees and the work from home schemes was the main reason to cut the expenditure of these companies drastically down.
From the other hand, the market administration and governments including Banks has injected lots of funds and so called Rescue Packages and the market stimulant's packages to protect the Market from its Hard and Drastically fall to the lower levels and prevent a gigantic Global Markets Crises.
These funding and injection of the cash to these companies along side of cost and expenditure reduction due to their risk measurement policies, forced these companies to invest the receiving funds in to the companies assets to protect themselves from the Pandemic Crises and hedged their exposed risks instead of investing these funds to the new Projects or renovations which could Couse their Share prices to appreciate intrinsically but instead these investments in the assets made an inflation to the prices of the assets and created a bobble in their share value and Prices without having any inheritance or intrinsic values.
so we can easily have a decision derived from the current situation that there has to be an other market fall and crises soon so the Price and its relevant intrinsic values get converged and market comes to its correct values.
we can observe the same situation in many different centralized markets such as US500 and even other Stock Exchanges around the world like London and rest European market places to be in the same inflated status.
there exist a huge chance of an other Global Market Crises coming soon which has the domino effect and Couse the entire markets to fall for some times .
This fall of the market shall remove off the liquidity from the equity and debt market and streamflow them to some green heaven Asset classes including Gold and silver or even newly invented Technologies such as decentralized markets and Cryptocurrencies and DeFi.
if we have a look at the Current crypto's Total Crypto Market Capitalization we can see it has a very good chances of Rally Continuation to some very high levels such as 5 to 6 Trillion dollars or even much higher.
Total Market Cap of All Cryptocurrencies:
Gold even can see higher Prices such as 2500 USD per ounce which is currently ranging at 1800 USD.
we even can some how speculate a 3 world War to be the initiator of this Market fall which is even not so far from the reality as the situation in middle east is not very stable due to the Iran and Israel disputes and new anti-covid's restriction social movements in Europe and America continent.
we can see the same situation in US500:
DJI:
we shall analyze few other markets and indices and ultimately Propose some Assets which are at their low Points Currently and can be counted as under values at present times.
Technical Analysis:
we have used the Fibonacci trend base extension from the low to the Highest point even before the Covid pandemic to have a better vision of the Higher expansion levels for the post retracement's rallies and identify the Potential Price levels and resistance zones. where the market can show some stagnation and starts its retracement and price correction to the lower levels.
the Fibonacci trend base extension clearly shows that the price has touched the 261.8% which is a very critical point for the price to find its intrinsic values and correct its self by retracing to the lower levels which can be the parallels leg areas of the same Fibonacci extension levels, before its rally to the higher targets.
There exist a Bearish Divergence of Price and MACD where Price has made higher high levels but MACD made lower Highs which is the most significant and strong Bullish Trend Reversal and start of Market fall and Price retracement and Value corrections.
there are total of 2 Targets defined which have a very strong Support tendencies which can be interpreted as the maximum retracements points.
there are few support level are also defined to have a better vision of the bullish trend reversal to bearish retracements which eventually can be counted as the bearish Trend reversal points and new cycle initialization.
DJI (Dow Jones Industrial Average) Index Analysis 05/01/2022Fundamental Analysis:
As we can see the Index has shown a very strong come back after the Covid-19 pandemic of March 2021 which caused the market to fall and create a panic to the world.
Since then there are lots of changes to the world and the way companies are operating, such as releasing of their premises and offices as they should have discharge lots of their employees and the work from home schemes was the main reason to cut the expenditure of these companies drastically down.
From the other hand, the market administration and governments including Banks has injected lots of funds and so called Rescue Packages and the market stimulant's packages to protect the Market from its Hard and Drastically fall to the lower levels and prevent a gigantic Global Markets Crises.
These funds and injection of the cash to these companies along side of cost deduction due to their risk measurement policies, forced these companies to invest the receiving funds in to the companies assets to protect themselves from the Pandemic Crises and hedged their exposed risks instead of investing these funds to the new Projects or renovations which could Couse their Share prices to appreciate intrinsically but instead these investments in the assets made an inflation to the prices of the assets and created a bobble in their share value and Prices without having any inheritance or intrinsic values.
so we can easily have a decision derived from the current situation that there has to be an other market fall and crises soon so the Price and its relevant intrinsic values get converged and market comes to its correct values.
we can observe the same situation in many different centralized markets such as US500 and even other Stock Exchanges around the world like London and rest European market places to be in the same inflated status.
there exist a huge chance of an other Global Market Crises coming soon which has the domino effect and Couse the entire markets to fall for some times .
This fall of the market shall remove off the liquidity from the equity and debt market and streamflow them to some green heaven Asset classes including Gold and silver or even newly invented Technologies such as decentralized markets and Cryptocurrencies and DeFi.
if we have a look at the Current crypto's Total Crypto Market Capitalization we can see it has a very good chances of Rally Continuation to some very high levels such as 5 to 6 Trillion dollars or even much higher.
Gold even can see higher Prices such as 2500 USD per ounce which is currently ranging at 1800 USD.
we even can some how speculate a 3 world War to be the initiator of this Market fall which is even not so far from the reality as the situation in middle east is not very stable due to the Iran and Israel disputes and new anti-covid's restriction social movements in Europe and America continent.
we can see the same situation in US500
we shall analyze few other markets and indices and ultimately Propose some Assets which are at their low Points Currently and can be counted as under values at present times.
Technical Analysis:
we have used the Fibonacci retracement and Expansion from the low to the Highest point before the Covid pandemic to have a better vision of the Higher expansion levels for the post retracement's rallies and identify the Potential Price levels and resistance zones. where the market can show some stagnation and starts its retracement and price correction to the lower levels.
There exist a Bearish Divergence of Price and MACD where Price has made higher high levels but MACD made lower Highs which is the most significant and strong Bullish Trend Reversal and start of Market fall and Price retracement and Value corrections.
there are total of 2 Targets defined which have a very strong Support tendencies which can be interpreted as the maximum retracements points.
there are two Resistance level are also defined to have a better vision incase of Current Rally Continuation which eventually can be counted as the Trend reversal points.
USA S&P 500 (US500) Index Analysis 05/01/2022Fundamental Analysis:
As we can see the Index has shown a very strong come back after the Covid-19 pandemic of March 2021 which caused the market to fall and create a panic to the world.
Since then there are lots of changes to the world and the way companies are operating, such as releasing of their premises and offices as they should have discharge lots of their employees and the work from home schemes was the main reason to cut the expenditure of these companies drastically down.
From the other hand, the market administration and governments including Banks has injected lots of funds and so called Rescue Packages and the market stimulant's packages to protect the Market from its Hard and Drastically fall to the lower levels and prevent a gigantic Global Markets Crises.
These funds and injection of the cash to these companies along side of cost deduction due to their risk measurement policies, forced these companies to invest the receiving funds in to the companies assets to protect themselves from the Pandemic Crises and hedged their exposed risks instead of investing these funds to the new Projects or renovations which could Couse their Share prices to appreciate intrinsically but instead these investments in the assets made an inflation to the prices of the assets and created a bobble in their share value and Prices without having any inheritance or intrinsic values.
so we can easily have a decision derived from the current situation that there has to be an other market fall and crises soon so the Price and its relevant intrinsic values get converged and market comes to its correct values.
we can observe the same situation in many different centralized markets such as Dow Jones and even other Stock Exchanges around the world like London and rest European market places to be in the same inflated status.
there exist a huge chance of an other Global Market Crises coming soon which has the domino effect and Couse the entire markets to fall for some times .
This fall of the market shall remove off the liquidity from the equity and debt market and streamflow them to some green heaven Asset classes including Gold and silver or even newly invented Technologies such as decentralized markets and Cryptocurrencies and DeFi.
if we have a look at the Current crypto's Total Crypto Market Capitalization we can see it has a very good chances of Rally Continuation to some very high levels such as 5 to 6 Trillion dollars or even much higher.
Gold even can see higher Prices such as 2500 USD per ounce which is currently ranging at 1800 USD.
we even can some how speculate a 3 world War to be the initiator of this Market fall which is even not so far from the reality as the situation in middle east is not very stable due to the Iran and Israel disputes and new anti-covid's restriction social movements in Europe and America continent.
we shall analyze few other markets and indices and ultimately Propose some Assets which are at their low Points Currently and can be counted as under values at present times.
Technical Analysis:
we have used the Fibonacci retracement and Expansion from the low to the Highest point before the Covid pandemic to have a better vision of the Higher expansion levels for the post retracement's rallies and identify the Potential Price levels and resistance zones. where the market can show some stagnation and starts its retracement and price correction to the lower levels.
There exist a Bearish Divergence of Price and MACD where Price has made higher high levels but MACD made lower Highs which is the most significant and strong Bullish Trend Reversal and start of Market fall and Price retracement and Value corrections.
there are total of 3 Targets defined which have a very strong Support tendencies which can be interpreted as the maximum retracements points.
there are few Resistance levels are also defined to have a better vision incase of Current Rally Continuation which eventually can be counted as the Trend reversal points
EXY (Euro Currency) Index Analysis 09/01/2022Our Past Euro Currency Index Analysis of March 2021:
Elementary Analysis:
The Euro Currency Index (EUR_I) represents the arithmetic ratio of four major currencies against the Euro: US Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc. All ratios are expressed in units of currency per Euro. The index was launched in 2004 by the exchange portal Stooq.com. Underlying are 100 points on 4 January 1971. Before the introduction of the European single currency on 1 January 1999 an exchange rate of 1 Euro = 1.95583 Deutsche mark was calculated.
Based on the progression, Euro Currency Index can show the strength or weakness of the Euro. A rising index indicates an appreciation of the Euro against the currencies in the currency basket, a falling index in contrast, a devaluation. Relationships to commodity indices are recognizable. A rising Euro Currency Index means a tendency of falling commodity prices. This is especially true for agricultural commodities and the price of oil. Even the prices of precious metals (gold and silver) are correlated with the index.
Arithmetically weighted Euro Currency Index is comparable to the trade-weighted Euro Effective exchange rate index of the European Central Bank (ECB). The index of ECB measures much more accurately the value of the Euro, compared to the Euro Currency Index, since the competitiveness of European goods in comparison to other countries and trading partners is included in it.
The Euro Currency Index started on 4 January 1971 with 100 points. Before the introduction of the European single currency on 1 January 1999, an exchange rate of 1 Euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark was calculated.
Fundamental Analysis:
On April 19, 1971, the Euro Currency Index gained 99.67 points calculated with an all-time low. Until 3 December 1979, the index rose by 68.0 percent to 167.43 points. With the depreciation of the Deutsche Mark against the major currencies, the index fell to mid-1980s. On 3 May 1985, the Euro Currency Index was at level 122.26 points, up by 27.0 percent. The strength of the Deutsche Mark against almost all global currencies set the index in the following years to rise again. On 5 October 1992, a value of 195.98 points was determined. The increase in 1985 was 60.3 percent. On 25 October 2000, the index closed at 130.83 points, up by 33.2 percent.
In 2000 began a multi-year upward movement of the Euro. On 29 December 2008, the index marked 209.65 points, an all-time high. The profit since year 2000 is 60.2 percent. In the course of the international financial crisis, from which the U.S. real estate crisis originated in the summer of 2007, the index began to decline. On 6 February 2009 a value of 187.84 points was determined. In the following eight months, the European single currency rebounded from the lows. On 13 October 2009, the index rose by 208.45 points, near its historical high point.
A financial crisis in several member states of the Euro zone in 2010 led to the outbreak of the Euro crisis. Particularly affected is Greece (see Greek government-debt crisis from 2010), but also other countries such as Ireland, Spain, Italy and Portugal. The weakness of the Euro against almost all global currencies caused the index to fall from 29 June 2010 to 175.31 points. In the following months, the European Stability Mechanism was developed, which provides for mutual assistance in case of emergency to avoid the bankruptcy of the Member States. By May 4, 2011, the index rose to a level of 200.20 points. With the intensification of the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro zone, the Euro Currency Index fell 24 July 2012 with 168.38 points, its lowest level since March 29, 2006. Compared to the all-time high of 29 December 2008, this represents a decrease of 19.7 percent .
as we have analyzed this Index last year on March 2021, we had Speculated that, the Euro zone will Depreciate and weaken Financially and Economically due to some known (So Called Pandemic) and unknown (censored) reasons such as Brexit etc. however we can see the market has showing some Bearish trend and started its Rally again and it shows the Index has reaccumulated and Corrected itself on a good note.
there are some confluences such as the negative correlation of the Euro Index (EXY) with US Dollar Index (DXY) which shows that the DXY was Rising when the EXY was falling in our Past Analysis which are as follow:
DXY:
EXY:
Looking at the Top Charts, we can clearly see that the Charts and their Price Action is negative correlation coefficient with each other, that means while the US Doller was getting Strong the Euro was weakening hence if we look at the current situations in US politics and Markets, which we have analyzed earlier this week along with the DXY. we can see that there are heavy Falls and calamities to come on the US economy which ultimately will result the rise of the counterparty currencies' such as Euro and GBP.
For better understanding of the situation it is good to look at the DXY and its Current situation and our analysis on that:
from March 2018 to March 2020 the entire Euro Zone countries where struggling and Correcting their economies as the Brexit and Its effects on the rest of the European businesses and Markets were ambiguous, we can call this fact as Market Distribution and Values correction. then we can see the Corona Pandemic which was an other nail in the Europe economic coffin and Brought the entire economic to its low point which had triggered the Risk Management Departments of the governments to Practice their Policies and release the Stimulants Packages in order to Prevent their Economies from more Drastically Falls and crisis. which worked as an excellent Market Fuel and uplift the Strength of their economies temporally but soon they realized the upcoming inflation and they stopped their Stimulant's Plans so does the market and Prices came to their inheritance intrinsic values and once again we could see the Prices has fallen back to their normal Level so does the EXY level.
at present we can see the EXY is at its lows but is very ready to Reaccumulating and reneging for the next Bullish cycle.
hence we can drive our conclusion that the Euro shall appreciate against the Doller and even some other low weight Index Makers.
looking at the current inflation rate in US and China, Iran... we can see that soon these countries and their respected Markets shall come to an Hoult which will help out the EXY to Appreciate ultimately.
we do not know exactly how much time will it take for it, but to us it is very clear that, it is the upcoming scenario for the Globalist and their respective European Parties...
Technical Analysis:
Tt is very well Observable that there exists a Bullish Divergence of Price and MACD from March 2015 to January 2017 which is the most significant sign of the Past Bearish Trend reversal and Start of the new Bullish Trend Post Feb 2017 to March 2018.
looking at the chart from March 2020 to January 2022 we can see the price has made a Double Top followed by the Retracement to the 61.8% of Fibonacci Levels of its Bullish wave from 2020 to 2022.
There exist a Hidden Bullish divergence of Price and MACD from March 2020 to January 2022, which is a very significant sign of Bullish trend Continuation where the Price is reneging and reaccumulating for its upcoming bullish cycles.
There total of 3 Main Targets defined with Fibonacci trend Based Extension of the Last Bullish cycle and 2 Targets Defined with the Previous Bullish cycle.
all the defined Targets are having confluences with each other so we can be certain that the Price shall show some Reaction at these points.
there are 3 Support areas defined by Fibonacci retracement and Pivot areas of the past Bullish cycles where we can expect the Price to reverse its bearish trend incase of more Fall to the lower levels and creation of dipper Hidden bullish Divergence.
as you can see we have used 2 Fibonacci trend base extension tools and Specified their Confluences areas as the Possible Resistance Zones.
Remember the 4 TP and the Ultimate TP will gets confirmed as the price Triggers the 3 TP followed by some Market correction and Retracements.
ICP / USD (Internet Computer) Coin Analysis 26/10/2021Fundamental Analysis:
The Internet Computer is the world’s first blockchain that runs at web speed with unbounded capacity. It also represents the third major blockchain innovation, alongside Bitcoin and Ethereum — a blockchain computer that scales smart contract computation and data, runs them at web speed, processes and stores data efficiently, and provides powerful software frameworks to developers. By making this possible, the Internet Computer enables the complete reimagination of software — providing a revolutionary new way to build tokenized internet services, pan-industry platforms, decentralized financial systems, and even traditional enterprise systems and websites. The project was founded in October 2016 by Dominic Williams, and attracted notable interest from the crypto community. DFINITY raised a total of $121 million from contributors such as Andreessen Horowitz, Polychain Capital, SV Angel, Aspect Ventures, Electric Capital, ZeroEx, Scalar Capital, and Multicoin Capital, and several notable early Ethereum supporters. In 2018, over 50,000 registerter participants received ICP utility tokens in an airdrop. On December 18, 2020, DFINITY launched the alpha mainnet of the Internet Computer. In a final step towards decentralization, on May 10, 2021, DFINITY launched the Internet Computer into the public domain. This major milestone means that the internet now functions as a decentralized global computer — marked by the release of all of the Internet Computer’s source code into the public domain, as well as ICP utility token allowing tens of thousands of community members to govern the Internet Computer network.
The purpose of the Internet Computer is to extend the public internet, so it can also be the world’s compute platform. Today, the internet is a network that connects everybody and everything, but systems and services currently run from private infrastructure. The scientific breakthrough behind the Internet Computer is Chain Key Technology, which encompasses dozens of advanced technology such as novel Consensus, Non-Interactive Distributed Key Generation (NI-DKG), Network Nervous System (NNS), Internet Identity, etc. Chain Key Technology consists of a set of cryptographic protocols that orchestrate the nodes that make up the Internet Computer. It is one of the fundamental breakthroughs behind the Internet Computer, enabling it to have a single public key. This is a huge advantage because it allows any device, including smart watches and mobile phones, to verify the authenticity of artifacts from the Internet Computer. In contrast, this is not possible for traditional blockchains. The single public key is just the tip of the iceberg: Chain Key Technology is the engine that drives the Internet Computer and makes its operation possible. It allows for adding new nodes to form new subnets to scale the network infinitely; replacing faulty or crashed nodes with new ones without ever stopping; reviving subnets even if too many nodes within have failed; and upgrading the Internet Computer Protocol seamlessly, allowing the network to fix bugs and add new features. The DFINITY R&D team has invented a new noninteractive key resharing protocol. Each of the old signers only needs to broadcast a single message to the new signers. To ensure that this is done securely, many concepts from advanced cryptography are utilized, including encryption with forward secrecy and noninteractive zero-knowledge proofs. Because it is noninteractive, the way the key resharing protocol operates is ideal for an asynchronous environment, and the benefits include key preservation. Throughout the lifetime of a subnet, it is known by a single public key, and the other parties on the Internet Computer do not have to keep track of changing public keys.
At Genesis on May 10, 2021, the Internet Computer is supported by 48 independent data centers — located across North America, Europe, and Asia — running 1,300 nodes. The network will continue to grow exponentially to support the next generation of mega dapps, with 123 data centers running 4,300 nodes scheduled by the end of the year, and eventually thousands of data centers running millions of nodes to support the decade-long building out of the Open Internet. Importantly, anyone can become a node provider, interested parties apply for a Data Center ID (DCID) to the Network Nervous System (NNS), procure specialized machine nodes, install the ICP protocol, and connects to the Internet Computer network.
The scientific breakthrough called Chain Key Technology allows the Internet Computer to run at web speed — where query calls execute in milliseconds, and update calls take 1-2 seconds to finalize. More importantly, at Genesis, the Internet Computer will have a block rate of 2.5 blocks per second (bps), then quickly to an industry leading bps of 10.3 bps, and ~1,000 bps by end of the year. In the case of an open version of Reddit running on the Internet Computer, when a user browses the forum, customized views of the hosted content would be formulated and served into their web browser by the execution of query calls, which run in milliseconds on a nearby node, providing a fantastic user experience. But when a user wishes to occasionally make a post, or provide a tip of tokens to the author of a post, this would involve update calls, which would take 1–2 seconds.
ICP are native utility tokens that play three key roles in the network:
Facilitating Network Governance: ICP tokens can be locked to create neurons that participate in network governance by voting, through which they can earn economic rewards.
Production of Cycles for Compute: ICP provides a source store of value that can be converted into cycles; which power computation in the role of fuel that is burned when it is used. The NNS converts ICP to cycles at a variable rate, so chosen to ensure users of the network can always create new cycles at approximately constant cost in real terms, such that the cost of acquiring fuel is predictable.
Rewarding Participants: The network mints new ICP to reward and incentivize those playing important roles that enable the network to function, including: a) the provision of voting rewards to those participating in governance, b) the provision of voting rewards; to those operating the node machines hosting the network, and c) other miscellaneous activities.
What Do Cycles Do?
Cycles power computation in the role of fuel. They also have a constant value over the long-term, which contrasts with ICP, whose value will naturally vary over time. Moreover, Cycles will be pegged to the SDR, which is a logical currency unit defined by the International Monetary Fund, and 1 SDR worth of ICP can be converted into exactly one trillion Cycles to power computation.
What Do Neurons Do?
A neuron locks a balance of ICP utility tokens and enables its owner to participate in network governance, through which they can earn voting rewards.
Who Are the Natural Buyers for ICP Tokens?
Token Holders who want to participate in network governance and earn voting rewards
Developers who need to convert ICP tokens into Cycles to pay for computation.
There will be 469,213,710 ICP tokens at Genesis. Circulating supply depends on the dynamics of the market. However, it is approximated to be 26% at Genesis. Genesis Initial State Token Allocations
Early contributors: 9.50%
Seed donations: 24.72%
Strategic: 7.00%
Presale: 4.96%
Strategic partnerships: 3.79%
Community airdrop: 0.80%
Initial community and developer grants: 0.48%
Node operators: 0.22%
Internet Computer Association: 4.26%
Team members: 18.00%
Advisors and other third-party token holders: 2.40%
DFINITY Foundation: 23.86%.
How Does the Internet Computer Network Nervous System Work for Voting?
The NNS works by receiving proposals and deciding to adopt or reject them based on voting activity by neurons; that network participants have created. Neurons are also used by participants to submit new proposals. After submission, proposals are either adopted or rejected, which can happen almost immediately or after some delay, depending on how the totality of neurons vote.
What Are The Prominent Projects In The Internet Ecosystem?
The Internet Computer launched with several high profile entrepreneurs and applications being built on it. These include:
DeFi
Enso Finance – Decentralized exchange that has raised $5mn
Tacen – A high-performance non-custodial exchange that has raised $2.5mn
SailFish – A gateway to open financial services
Social
Distrikt – A decentralized, professional social media network. It is the Open LinkedIn application shown off by DFINITY in Davos at WEF 2020 that is now being taken to market
OpenChat – An open version of your standard chat app that is not owned by a large tech corporation
CanCan – An open version of TikTok that shows the scalability and power of the Internet Computer
Capsule – A decentralized social media platform which is safe from censorship that has raised $1.5mn
Infrastructure
Fleek – Allows easy building of open web sites and applications. 14,000 websites already running Pan-Industry Platforms
Origyn – A pan-industry platform for tracking the provenance of luxury goods, starting with luxury watches.
Dominic Williams is the Founder and Chief Scientist of DFINITY. He is a crypto theoretician, responsible for inventing Threshold Relay, Probabilistic Slot Consensus, and other novel crypto techniques, serial entrepreneur, and early member of the Bitcoin and Ethereum technical communities. Previously, he was President and CTO of String Labs, an incubator for venture-backed crypto projects, early pioneer of DeFi at Mirror Labs, and Founder and CEO of Fight My Monster, a MMO game for children that scaled to millions of users. He also founded several startups such as System7, Airdocs and Smartdrivez. Graduated King’s College London 1st in Class in Computer Science.
What is the DFINITY Foundation?
The Internet Computer was incubated and launched by the DFINITY Foundation, a not-for profit scientific research organization based in Zurich, Switzerland, comprised of the world’s top cryptographers and distributed systems and programming language experts, with nearly 100,000 academic citations and 200 patents collectively. Notable technologists at DFINITY include: Jan Camenisch, PhD (VP of Research) - world-renowned cryptographer & privacy researcher, led IBM’s Cryptography / Research department for 19 years Andreas Rossberg, PhD (Principal Engineer and Researcher) - the co-creator of WebAssembly and former team lead for the Google Chrome V8 engine Ben Lynn, PhD (Sr Staff Engineer and Researcher) - world-renowned cryptographer and Google Engineer, the “L” in BLS cryptography, the key signature system being used in Ethereum 2.0 Jens Groth, PhD (Principal Researcher) - world-renowned cryptographer, known for pioneering non-interactive zero knowledge proofs Timo Hanke, PhD (Principal Researcher) - creator of AsicBoost, one of the few proven algorithmic optimizations for Bitcoin mining Paul Liu, PhD (Staff Engineer) - architected Intel’s Haskell compiler and received his PhD under Paul Hudak, a key designer of Haskell * Johan Georg Granström, PhD (Director of Engineering) - former Sr Staff Software Engineer at Google responsible for scaling YouTube system infrastructure After public launch on May 10, 2021, the DFINITY Foundation will now be one of many organizations committed to improving and maintaining the Internet Computer network.
The current CoinMarketCap ranking is #24, with a live market cap of $8,582,798,715 USD. It has a circulating supply of 174,363,085 ICP coins and the max. supply is not available.
Technical Analysis:
as you can see the coin has fallen heavily since its lunch and now it is literally at its lowest price, based on the valuable fundamentals we have decided to invest on this coin for a long term did.
We have defined 4 new targets with Fibonacci Projection of the past Bullish Run and highest pick and lowest retracement dumps.
The 3 TP gets confirmed as soon as the price touches the 161.8% of the same Fibonacci Projection followed by some retracement and price correction.
4 TP can be easily achieved as soon as the bull run starts and will be taken with some retracements.
we can ultimately target the 2500$ as this is a new and effective environment which is capable of shooting to the higher price of its Initial offering.
TOTAL (Cryptocurrencies Total Market Capitalization) Analysis Fundamental Analysis:
The TOTAL or Crypto Total Market Cap is an integrated Complete Cryptocurrencies Market capitalization of all the Crypto coins and tokens and it is demonstrated against USD to show the total market capitalization of the entire crypto environment and it can be used for many speculation and hedging purposes in finance and other related sectors.
it can simply interpreted as how much of fiat currencies has been spent or converted to the Crypto assets or how much is the total value of the entire crypto environment is worth presently in Dollars.
by looking at this index and comparing it with the entire worlds market capitalizations we can understand how much more fiat currencies are there in the world to gets converted to the Crypto or the other way of looking at it is how much more time it takes to Concore the fiat world by crypto and decentralized open markets.
TOTAL Chart includes all the Coins and Tokens i.e BTC,ETH...
Technical Analysis:
we can see that, the chart is currently at the Reaccumulation zone of Fibonacci Golden zone and it has formed Bullish Divergence with MACD Lines and Histogram, which is the sign of Bearish or Retracement wave end and Trend Change to the Next Bullish Cycle and start of the next Impulsive wave.
we have specified the Fibonacci retracement levels which can be used as the significant Pivot Points and Support areas where it can be the best Price or undervalued price to Purchase and Invest on.
there total of 3 Targets defined by Fibonacci Projection of the initial impulsive wave followed by its retracement after the Top Distribution.
the 3 Target gets confirmed as the price triggers the 2 TP followed by some retracement and price correction.
XPTUSD ( Platinum / USD ) Commodity Analysis 18/07/2021Technical Analysis:
As you can see, there exist a Hidden Bullish Divergence with MACD and it is the very sign of bullish trend continuation as the Price is Bullish Bounding in an ascending channel.
We draw Fibonacci retracement from the low to the top of previous impulsive wave for specifying the Bullish Cycles and the Possible Pivot Points and Reaccumulation levels in the correction wave condition, which are defined as the Fibonacci and Support and Resistance levels on the chart.
Currently The commodity is consolidating and Reaccumulating on Fibonacci Golden Zone.
naturally XPTUSD is moving in ascending channel presently.
we believe that the commodity is getting ready in order to shoot to the defined targets by Fibonacci Projection of the Past impulsive wave
EURJPY (Euro/Japanese Yen) Currencies Analysis 28/06/2021Technical Analysis:
As you can see, the currency pair has shown Bearish Divergence with MACD in the daily Timeframe chart which is the sign of bearish trend upcoming and some retracement to lower levels.
we draw Fibonacci retracement from low to high of the initial Bullish wave which has important levels defined. What we think that EURJPY may rise up from 38.2% Fib level and if so it we can target the 2 TP or else if more retracement the golden zone we can count on as heavy support area and target 1 TP.
TRX (TRON) Coin Analysis 08/05/2021Fundamentals:
TRON is a blockchain-based operating system that aims to ensure this technology is suitable for daily use. Whereas Bitcoin can handle up to six transactions per second, and Ethereum up to 25, TRON claims that its network has capacity for 2,000 TPS.
This project is best described as a decentralized platform focused on content sharing and entertainment — and to this end, one of its biggest acquisitions was the file sharing service BitTorrent back in 2018.
Overall, TRON has divided its goals into six phases. These include delivering simple distributed file sharing, driving content creation through financial rewards, allowing content creators to launch their own personal tokens and decentralizing the gaming industry.
TRON is also one of the most popular blockchains for building DApps.
Using the blockchain and its decentralized smart contract capability, the idea of Tron is that users will experience a decentralized internet where “middlemen” such as Google and Facebook are not needed for users to access content.
To draw an example, currently the most ubiquitous video sharing platform is Youtube, which is a privately owned company with privately owned servers that stores and serves video to its viewers. However, using Youtube’s services means that creators and users have to comply with Youtube's terms of service and may have to pay for its content in one way or another. Creators on the Youtube platform may earn a share of Youtube’s revenue, but the pay structure is entirely up to Youtube’s discretion.
The TRON protocol runs on a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Governance Model. This allows users to perform transactions with close to zero-fee whilst still being resistant towards transaction spam.
Transactions on the Tron Blockchain are maintained by a consortium of Super Representatives (SR) that are voted in by TRX holders who have locked their stake in the form of Tron Power. There are 27 top-voted Super Representatives and 100 Super Representative Candidates. The hierarchy of SR and SR Candidates are readjusted every 6 hours based on the number of votes they receive from Tron Power holders.
Tron aims to replace services such as Youtube and others by becoming the decentralized infrastructure in which users can connect directly with creators and pay the creators directly for the content they wish to consume.
TRON has positioned itself as an environment where content creators can connect with their audiences directly. By eliminating centralized platforms — whether they are streaming services, app stores or music sites — it is hoped that creators won’t end up losing as much commission to middlemen. In turn, this could also make content less expensive for consumers. Given how the entertainment sector is increasingly becoming digitized, TRON could have a headstart in applying blockchain technology to this industry.
The company also says that it has a talented and experienced developer team, based around the world, that has been drawn from major companies such as Ripple Labs.
Last but not least, whereas some other blockchain projects can be opaque about their plans for development, TRON offers a point of difference by delivering a roadmap that shows its intentions for the coming years.
TRON uses a consensus mechanism that is known as delegated proof-of-stake.
TRX owners can freeze their cryptocurrency in order to get Tron Power, which means that they can vote for “super representatives” who serve as block producers.
These block producers receive TRX rewards in exchange for verifying transactions, and these rewards are then distributed among the people who voted for them.
According to TRON, this approach helps its blockchain to achieve higher levels of throughput.
TRON was founded by Justin Sun, who now serves as CEO. Educated at Peking University and the University of Pennsylvania, he was recognized by Forbes Asia in its 30 Under 30 series for entrepreneurs.
Born in 1990, he was also associated with Ripple in the past — serving as its chief representative in the Greater China area.
TRON has a total supply of just over 100 billion tokens — and at the time of writing, about 71.6 billion of these are in circulation.
When a token sale was held in 2017, 15.75 billion TRX was allocated to private investors, while an additional 40 billion were earmarked for initial coin offering participants. The Tron Foundation was given 34 billion, and a company owned by Justin Sun got 10 billion.
All in all, this meant that 45% of TRX supply went to the founder and the project itself, while 55% was distributed among investors. Critics argue that this is a much higher ratio than what has been seen with other cryptocurrency projects.
TRON price today is $0.152468 with a 24-hour trading volume of $5,391,785,654. TRX price is down -6.9% in the last 24 hours. It has a circulating supply of 72 Billion TRX coins and a max supply of 101 Billion. Binance is the current most active market trading it.
Technical Analysis:
As you can see in the Daily chart , Tron coin Value have increased from the end of April to end of March 2021 and it reached 0.18$ each. The Coin has touched Fibonacci Golden Zone and Bounced from it, What we think is that the price may fluctuate and Reaccumulate between 0.12$ and 0.16$ in order to Get ready and accumulate enough volume to shoot for TP1 ( 0.23$) and ultimately higher targets levels, which are specified by Fibonacci Projection of the Initial Impulsive Cycle.
There are few Support levels specified by Fibonacci Retracements which can stand in case of some More Fall downs.
CTSI (Cartesi) Token Analysis 03/05/2021Our Initial analysis and our first target where we have invested at:
Our Second Analysis where we have achieved the 1 and 2 Targets and Proofs that the 3 Target is Confirmed. so we are updating our Analysis and targets:
Fundamentals:
Cartesi is taking smart contracts to the next level. It is solving the urgent problem of scalability and high fees on blockchains by implementing a variant of optimistic roll-ups. Most notably, Cartesi is revolutionizing smart contract programming by allowing developers to code with mainstream software stacks. Noether is Cartesi's side-chain that’s optimized for ephemeral data, providing low-cost data availability to DApps.
What gives Cartesi a competitive edge as a layer-2 and optimistic rollups solution is that it allows developers to code their smart contracts and DApps directly with mainstream software components and Linux OS resources. That represents more than an incremental improvement to decentralized applications. It is a necessary step toward the maturity of the whole blockchain ecosystem. Allowing mainstream programmability means that DApp developers have an entirely new expressive power to create from simple to rather complex smart contracts. It also means opening the doors for extensive adoption of regular developers who have never programmed for blockchain, as they will create decentralized applications with a coding experience similar to desktop or web.
CTSI is a utility token that works as a crypto-fuel for Noether.
1.Stakers receive CTSI rewards by staking their tokens and participating in the network.
2.Node runners are selected randomly according to a PoS system and gain the right to create the next block.
3.Users of the network pay CTSI fees to insert data on the side-chain.
CTSI also plays a role with Descartes Rollups.
CTSI will be used by DApps to outsource the execution of verifiable and enforceable computation to entities running Descartes nodes.
The significant Attributes of CTSI
1.Cartesi is a layer-2 infrastructure for blockchains that allows developers to code highly scalable smart contracts with mainstream software stacks on a Linux VM. Cartesi uses a combination of rollups and side-chains.
2.Mainstream programmability: Developers create smart contracts with mainstream software stacks, taking a productive leap from the limited programmability of blockchain-specific VM's to coding with software components supported by Linux.
3.Large scalability: Cartesi enables million-fold computational scalability, data availability of large files and low transaction costs. All while preserving the strong security guarantees of the underlying blockchain.
4.Privacy guarantees: Cartesi allows for decentralized games where players conceal their data and Enterprise applications that run on sensitive data, preserving privacy on DApps.
5.Portability: Cartesi is blockchain-agnostic and will run on top of the most important chains. The current implementations already support Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Matic (Polygon), with Elrond coming soon.
The most important asset for Cartesi is a team of very strong professionals, researchers and engineers extremely excited to create and implement novelty in the blockchain space.
Cartesi is made up of a team that comes from very high profile backgrounds, real-world experience at top companies such as Microsoft Research, and PhD’s from top universities like ETH Zurich and Princeton.
The live Cartesi price today is $0.734969 USD with a 24-hour trading volume of $53,339,047 USD. Cartesi is up 15.01% in the last 24 hours. The current CoinMarketCap ranking is #261, with a live market cap of $248,020,810 USD. It has a circulating supply of 337,457,354 CTSI coins and a max. supply of 1,000,000,000 CTSI coins.
Technical Analysis:
The Token has done its initialization and Accumulation Phase and expressed it initial Impulsive cycles. where as the Price has Triggered the 161.8 (Extension) level of Fibonacci Projection of the initial cycle, which makes the 261.8% a confirmed target To aim at.
there exist a Hidden Bullish Divergence of Price and MACD and which is the sign of bullish trend continuation. and acts as a double confirmation of the Specified targets.
the support areas are having confluent with past Target and resistance areas and Fibonacci levels.
targets are the projection kevels of the same Fibonacci projection.
CRV (Curve DAO) Token Analysis 03/05/2021we have earlier analyzed this token and Achieved our Targets:
Currently Holding it in Our portfolios, now Updating the target:
Fundamentals:
Curve is a decentralized exchange for stablecoins that uses an automated market maker (AMM) to manage liquidity.
Launched in January 2020, Curve is now synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) phenomenon, and has seen significant growth in the second half of 2020.
In August, Curve launched a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), with CRV as its in-house token. The DAO uses Ethereum-based creation tool Aragon to connect multiple smart contracts used for users’ deposited liquidity. Issues such as governance, however, differ from Aragon in their weighting and other respects.
Curve has gained considerable attention by following its remit as an AMM specifically for stablecoin trading.
The launch of the DAO and CRV token brought in further profitability, given CRV’s use for governance, as it is awarded to users based on liquidity commitment and length of ownership.
The explosion in DeFi trading has ensured Curve’s longevity, with AMMs turning over huge amounts of liquidity and associated user profits.
As such, Curve caters to anyone involved in DeFi activities such as yield farming and liquidity mining, as well as those looking to maximize returns without risk by holding notionally non-volatile stablecoins.
The platform makes money by charging a modest fee which is paid to liquidity providers.
Curve carries the standard risks associated with depositing funds in smart contracts and dealing with AMMs, namely impermanent loss.
As Curve only supports stablecoins, the risk of markets moving too quickly is reduced, but users can still lose money once markets are rebalanced to reflect cross-market prices.
Curve has been audited, but this does not do anything to counter the risks involved in being exposed to a specific cryptocurrency.
The founder and CEO of Curve is Michael Egorov, a Russian scientist who has various experience with cryptocurrency-related enterprises.
In 2015, he co-founded and became CTO of NuCypher, a cryptocurrency business building privacy-preserving infrastructure and protocols.
Egorov is also the founder of decentralized bank and loans network LoanCoin.
Curve’s regular team is part of the CRV allocation structure, and will receive tokens according to a two-year vesting schedule as part of the initial launch plan.
In August 2020, Egorov said that he “overreacted” by locking up a large amount of CRV tokens as a response to yearn.finance’s voting power, awarding himself 71% of governance in the process.
Curve (CRV) launched in August 2020, along with the Curve DAO. Its purpose is to function as a governance medium, incentive structure and fee payment method, along with long-term earnings method for liquidity providers.
The total CRV supply is 3.03 billion tokens, the majority of which (62%) are distributed to liquidity providers. The remainder is divided as follows: 30% to shareholders, 3% to employees and 5% to a community reserve. The shareholder and employee allocations come with a two-year vesting schedule.
CRV had no premine, and the gradual unlocking of tokens means that around 750 million should be in circulation one year after launch.
The live Curve DAO Token price today is $3.30 USD with a 24-hour trading volume of $164,292,749 USD. Curve DAO Token is up 2.08% in the last 24 hours. The current CoinMarketCap ranking is #104, with a live market cap of $901,653,314 USD. It has a circulating supply of 273,444,536 CRV coins and a max. supply of 3,303,030,299 CRV coins.
Technical Analysis:
The Token has done its initialization and accumulation phase followed by impulsive waves and Distributions, currently the Price is Reaccumulating for the next Move UP to the higher ATH.
there are total of 3 Targets defined by Fibonacci Projection of the initial impulsive wave and the consecutive Retracements,
we can see the price has already Touched the 1 TP but, yet we can consider it as our 1 Target as the Price is still below it and has chances of more fall to the lower support areas.
There are Few Strong Support Areas on the past Price Actions which are having confluences with Fibonacci Retracement Tool.