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Understanding Volume Oscillator and Its Role Understanding Volume Oscillator and Its Role in Technical Analysis Navigating the complex terrain of trading requires a grasp of various technical analysis tools. One such tool is the Volume Oscillator, a potent indicator that offers insight into market trends and their strength. This article provides a comprehensive look at this tool, its interpretation, principles, and limitations. What Is the Volume Oscillator? The Volume Oscillator is a vital tool in technical analysis, utilising two moving averages of trading volume to generate signals about the strength and weaknesses of trends. Unlike price oscillators which focus primarily on the direction and momentum of price movements, this tool delves into the undercurrents of the market. Volume, in the context of financial markets, is the number of asset units traded during a given period. As such, it is a measure of market activity. So what does a Volume Oscillator do? This indicator goes a step further by comparing short-term and long-term buying and selling activity flow to help traders identify potential reversals, breakouts, and other market events. However, it's important to note that this tool doesn't signify bullish or bearish behaviour but rather indicates whether a move has supporting volume. Calculating the Volume Oscillator Technical Indicator The calculation of the Volume Oscillator is straightforward. It begins with selecting two lengths of moving averages, often referred to as the short and long periods. The default Volume Oscillator settings used are 5 and 20, but these can be adjusted as per your trading needs. The indicator is then calculated using the formula: * 100. This calculation produces a percentage that oscillates above and below zero. If you’d like to practise your Volume Oscillator skills, you can use FXOpen’s free TickTrader platform to get started within minutes. Principles of Volume Analysis The principles of volume analysis are integral to understanding and interpreting this indicator. These principles encompass two primary signals: signs of strength and signs of weakness in the prevailing trend. A sign of strength is identified when the price of an asset moves concurrently with a rise in buying or selling activity. This suggests that the prevailing price movement – whether upwards or downwards – has solid support from traders, leading to a stronger confirmation. Hence, when the fast volume moving average is above the slow volume moving average, the indicator is above the zero line, indicating a stronger market direction. Conversely, a sign of weakness is indicated when the price movement is not supported by strong activity. This means that the price is increasing or decreasing while trading activity is declining. In such a case, the Volume Oscillator is below the zero line, implying a potential lack of conviction in the current price direction, thereby signalling a potential reversal or slowdown. Volume Oscillator Interpretation This tool’s interpretation is primarily based on its trend direction in relation to the zero line. When trending upward and above the zero line, it indicates growing conviction in the current price movement, whatever its direction. Conversely, a downward trend above the zero line suggests diminishing confidence in the ongoing price action. Below the zero line, an upward trend in the oscillator points to a potential shift in momentum, indicating that the conviction in the current price direction might be returning, while a downward trend implies that the uncertainty in the market's direction is intensifying. It can also provide divergence signals, which occur when its direction deviates from the price movement direction. For instance, if prices reach new highs while the indicator fails to achieve new highs, it may suggest a weakening upward price trend, potentially heralding a downturn. Conversely, if prices hit new lows and the tool does not follow suit, it could be a sign of an impending upward reversal. Limitations Despite its usefulness, this indicator is not infallible and has certain limitations. Primarily, it may produce false signals in periods of low trading activity or in thinly traded assets where the market participation data can be sporadic. Moreover, while it is excellent at confirming price movements, it may be less effective at predicting reversals, particularly in highly volatile markets. The Bottom Line By gauging the intensity behind trends, the Volume Oscillator adds a depth dimension to market analysis. While it has its limitations, its ability to identify the strength of price movements and potential reversals makes it a beneficial part of any trader's toolkit. If you would like to put your Volume Oscillator knowledge into action, you can open an FXOpen account. Once you do, you will access lightning-fast execution speed and competitive trading costs. Happy trading! This article represents the opinion of the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand only. It is not to be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation with respect to products and services provided by the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand, nor is it to be considered financial advice.

Education

Mastering CFD Trading: A Comprehensive Beginner's Guide Contracts for Difference (CFDs) have garnered significant attention as derivative products that offer traders the ability to speculate on the price movements of various assets without the need to own them physically. These financial instruments emerged in the latter part of the 20th century, propelled by the advent of the internet revolution, which revolutionized trading by facilitating swift and convenient short-term transactions. CFDs have since become an integral part of the repertoire offered by prominent brokers, providing traders with enhanced leverage and access to an extensive range of markets that encompass stocks, indices, currencies, and commodities. This broad market coverage has contributed to the popularity and widespread adoption of CFDs among traders seeking diverse investment opportunities. The historical roots of CFDs can be traced back to the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was during this period that derivative trading witnessed significant advancements, driven by technological progress and regulatory changes. The introduction of electronic trading platforms and the availability of real-time market data allowed traders to execute trades swiftly and efficiently, leading to the development of CFDs as a viable financial instrument. The operational mechanics of CFDs are relatively straightforward. When trading a CFD, the trader enters into a contract with a broker, mirroring the price movements of the underlying asset. This contract stipulates that the trader will pay or receive the difference in price between the opening and closing positions of the CFD. If the price of the underlying asset moves in the trader's favor, they stand to make a profit. Conversely, if the price moves against their position, they may incur a loss. One of the key advantages of trading CFDs is the ability to utilize leverage. Leverage allows traders to control a larger position in the market with a smaller initial investment. This amplifies potential gains, but it is important to note that it also magnifies potential losses. Traders should exercise caution and employ risk management strategies when using leverage in CFD trading. Furthermore, CFDs offer traders the flexibility to profit from both rising and falling markets. Through a process known as short-selling, traders can speculate on price declines and potentially profit from downward market movements. This ability to take both long and short positions provides traders with opportunities to capitalize on market trends and volatility. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that CFD trading carries inherent risks. Due to the leverage involved, losses can exceed the initial investment, potentially resulting in significant financial losses. Moreover, CFD trading is subject to market volatility, and sudden price movements can lead to rapid and substantial losses. Throughout this comprehensive article , we shall delve into the historical backdrop of CFDs, elucidate their operational mechanics, and present an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages associated with trading these financial instruments. History Of CFD: Towards the conclusion of the 20th century, the landscape of exchange trading underwent a profound transformation, thanks to the advent of the Internet. This revolutionary technology empowered traders to engage in rapid short-term trades with unparalleled ease. Consequently, intraday trading emerged as a prominent trend, and astute brokers swiftly recognized the burgeoning demand for this segment among individual traders. However, a significant predicament persisted within the trading realm - exchanges were highly specialized and compartmentalized. Currency exchanges, stock exchanges, and futures exchanges operated as distinct entities, precluding traders from capitalizing on opportunities across multiple asset classes. For instance, a trader operating with a currency broker lacked the means to profit from futures or stocks. While opening multiple accounts with different companies was a possible solution, it was far from optimal. Furthermore, another obstacle loomed large: high leverage was imperative for generating profits through short-term transactions, yet traditional stock exchanges were averse to the risks associated with margin trading. In response to these challenges, visionaries at UBS Investment Bank conceptualized a new trading instrument known as the contract for difference (CFD). This innovative derivative allowed traders to profit from the price fluctuations of various assets without the need to physically own them or conduct transactions on the underlying exchanges. Traders could now conveniently engage in trading shares, oil, and other commodities using a single broker. Additionally, CFDs provided the desired leverage for short-term trading, overcoming the limitations imposed by traditional stock exchanges. Over time, CFDs became widely available, offered by popular brokers operating in diverse markets, including the forex market. Presently, this versatile financial instrument is successfully utilized by both short-term traders and long-term investors, catering to a broad spectrum of trading styles and planning horizons. The flexibility and accessibility of CFDs have made them an indispensable tool in the arsenal of market participants seeking to capitalize on price movements and maximize their trading potential. CFD Leverage Explained: One of the notable features of CFD trading is the availability of margin trading, which enables traders to borrow funds from their brokers. This concept is closely tied to the notion of leverage, which has a significant impact on the trading process. Leverage allows traders to control larger positions in the market with a smaller amount of their own capital. To illustrate the concept, let's consider an example. Suppose a trader utilizes a 1:50 leverage. This means that with just $1,000 of their own funds, they can open a position equivalent to $50,000. In this scenario, the borrowed funds provided by the broker amplify the trader's purchasing power, enabling them to access larger market positions. The level of leverage available in CFD trading varies depending on the underlying asset being traded. For instance, when trading shares, the leverage typically ranges up to 1:20. On the other hand, for commodities like oil, leverage can often reach as high as 1:100. It is important to note that when comparing leverage in CFD trading to leverage in forex currency pairs, the ratios may appear different. A 1:20 leverage in CFDs might seem relatively lower when contrasted with the leverage commonly available in forex trading. However, it is crucial to consider these ratios within the context of their respective markets. In traditional stock markets, equity leverage is typically limited and rarely exceeds 1:2. This means that traders in those markets have less flexibility in terms of controlling larger positions with a smaller amount of capital. In contrast, CFDs provide traders with significantly higher leverage, allowing them to amplify their potential gains and losses. It is important to approach leverage in CFD trading with caution and exercise risk management strategies. While leverage can magnify profits, it also amplifies potential losses. Traders should be mindful of the increased risk associated with higher leverage levels and consider their risk tolerance and trading strategies accordingly. Comparing leverage ratios across different markets provides insights into the varying degrees of flexibility and risk exposure available to traders. Understanding and utilizing leverage effectively is an essential aspect of CFD trading, enabling traders to optimize their trading strategies and potentially enhance their profitability, while remaining cognizant of the associated risks. How CFDs Work: Let's break down the scenario provided to understand the implications of trading CFDs compared to traditional stock ownership. Assuming the Ask price per share is $171.23, a trader purchasing 100 shares would need to consider additional costs such as commissions and fees. In a traditional brokerage account with a 50% credit on margin, this transaction would require a minimum of $1,263 in available funds. However, with CFD brokers, the margin requirements are typically much lower. In the past, a 5% margin was common, which would amount to $126.30 for this trade. When opening a CFD position, the trader will immediately experience a loss equal to the size of the spread at the time of the trade. For example, if the spread is 5 cents, the stock price must rise by 5 cents for the position to reach the breakeven level. If the trader owned the stock directly, they would make a 5 cents profit. However, it's important to consider that owning the stock directly would entail paying a commission, resulting in higher overall costs. Now, let's consider the scenario where the offer price of the stock reaches $25.76. In a traditional brokerage account, positions could be closed at a profit of $50, resulting in a 3.95% return on the initial investment of $1,263. However, in the case of CFDs, when the price reaches the same level on the national exchange, the bid price on the CFD may be slightly lower, let's say $25.74. Consequently, the profit from trading CFDs would be lower since the trader must exit the trade at the bid price. Additionally, the spread in CFD trading is typically wider compared to regular markets. In this example, the CFD trader would earn approximately $48, resulting in a 38% return on the initial investment of $126.30. It's worth noting that these figures are specific to the example provided and may vary depending on various factors, including the specific brokerage, market conditions, and the pricing dynamics of the underlying asset. Why Trade CFDs / Pros And Cons Of Trading CFDs Indeed, one of the significant advantages of trading CFDs is the expanded range of tradable instruments compared to the classical forex market. While the forex market primarily deals with currencies, CFDs provide traders with the opportunity to trade a wide array of assets. Most brokers now offer CFDs on various instruments such as gold, stocks, and stock indices, greatly diversifying the available trading opportunities. However, it is important to note that CFDs are not a direct replacement for the underlying assets. Although the price of a CFD contract reflects the price movements of the underlying instrument, there may be differences in the actual returns. These differences can be attributed to factors such as spreads, commissions, and other costs associated with CFD trading. Speaking of commissions, it is crucial to consider that CFD commissions may differ from those applied to the underlying asset. This distinction becomes particularly relevant in longer-term trading scenarios. Traders need to carefully evaluate the commission structure and any associated fees when assessing the overall costs of trading CFDs. Now let's delve into the main advantages and disadvantages of trading CFDs: Pros of CFD Trading: 1 ) Expanded Market Access: CFDs provide access to a wide range of markets, including stocks, commodities, indices, and more, allowing traders to diversify their portfolios and capitalize on various asset classes. 2 ) Leverage and Margin Trading: CFDs offer the potential for higher leverage, allowing traders to control larger positions with a smaller initial investment. This amplifies potential profits (as well as losses) and can enhance trading opportunities. 3 ) Ability to Profit from Both Rising and Falling Markets: CFDs enable traders to take advantage of both upward and downward price movements. Through short-selling, traders can speculate on price declines and potentially profit from falling markets. Cons of CFD Trading: 1 ) Counterparty Risk: When trading CFDs, traders are exposed to counterparty risk, as they enter into contracts with the broker rather than owning the underlying assets. If the broker encounters financial difficulties or fails, it can impact the trader's positions and funds. 2 ) Potential for Higher Costs: CFD trading may involve additional costs such as spreads, commissions, and overnight financing charges. These costs can impact overall profitability, especially for longer-term trades. 3 ) Market Volatility and Risk: CFDs are subject to market volatility, and sudden price movements can result in rapid and substantial losses. The use of leverage in CFD trading can amplify both gains and losses, making risk management crucial. It is essential for traders to consider these pros and cons when deciding to engage in CFD trading. Adequate risk management strategies and a thorough understanding of the underlying markets and associated costs are essential for successful and informed trading decisions. Risks Of Trading CFDs: Trading CFDs (Contracts for Difference) involves inherent risks that traders should be aware of before engaging in such activities. Understanding these risks is essential for making informed decisions and implementing appropriate risk management strategies. Here are some of the key risks associated with CFD trading: Leverage Risk: CFDs allow traders to access larger market positions with a smaller initial investment. While leverage can amplify potential profits, it also magnifies losses. Traders need to be cautious and manage leverage effectively to avoid significant financial setbacks. Market Risk: CFDs are directly linked to the price movements of underlying assets, which can be influenced by various factors, including economic indicators, news events, and market sentiment. Rapid price fluctuations can lead to substantial losses, especially if positions are not managed appropriately. Counterparty Risk: When trading CFDs, traders enter into a contractual agreement with the CFD provider. This exposes them to counterparty risk, which refers to the possibility of the provider failing to fulfill its obligations. It is crucial to choose a reputable and regulated CFD provider to minimize this risk. Operational Risk: CFD trading platforms can experience technical issues, such as system outages or errors, which may prevent traders from executing trades or managing positions effectively. Traders should be prepared for such operational risks and have contingency plans in place. Liquidity Risk: In certain cases, CFD markets may lack sufficient liquidity, meaning there is a limited number of buyers and sellers. This can make it challenging to enter or exit positions at desired prices, particularly during volatile market conditions. Traders should be cautious when trading illiquid CFD markets. Hidden Costs: Some CFD brokers may impose additional fees and charges, such as overnight financing fees or spread mark-ups. These hidden costs can reduce profitability over time, and traders should carefully review the fee structure of their chosen CFD provider. To mitigate these risks, traders are advised to implement risk management techniques, including setting stop-loss orders to limit potential losses, conducting thorough market analysis, and continuously monitoring positions. It is also crucial to conduct due diligence when selecting a CFD provider, ensuring they are regulated and offer transparent pricing structures and reliable customer support. By understanding and effectively managing these risks, traders can enhance their chances of success and navigate the complexities of CFD trading more confidently. Choosing A Broker For CFD Trading: When selecting a broker for CFD trading, certain parameters take precedence. These include: 1 ) Reliability and Reputation: When it comes to CFD trading, the importance of a broker's reliability and reputation cannot be overstated. Given the instrument's relative lack of popularity, there may be instances of limited liquidity, which increases the temptation for unethical practices such as manipulating charts or altering quotes. It is crucial to choose a broker known for their trustworthiness and positive reputation. 2 ) Variety of CFDs for Trading: It is advisable to thoroughly examine the broker's website and review the comprehensive list of available contracts. Ensure that the list includes the specific CFDs you intend to trade. Having access to a wide range of CFD options allows you to diversify your portfolio and pursue various trading opportunities. 3 ) Contract Specifications: Identify the CFDs in the broker's list that you plan to trade frequently. Pay attention to the contract specifications, including spreads, commissions, and swaps, as they should align with your trading style and objectives. If you require high leverage, verify the leverage availability for each CFD category. By carefully considering these parameters, you can make an informed decision when choosing a broker for CFD trading. This will contribute to a more satisfactory trading experience and help you align your trading strategy with your goals. Conclusion: Contracts for Difference (CFDs) provide traders with a gateway to a diverse range of popular exchange-traded assets. Through a single CFD broker, traders can engage in trading activities involving stocks, indices, and even cryptocurrencies. The key to achieving success in CFD trading lies in the trader's level of proficiency in understanding the intricacies of specific instruments. The most favorable outcomes are typically attained by individuals who concentrate their efforts on a particular asset class or even a specific instrument within that class. By acquiring comprehensive knowledge and a deep understanding of the various factors that influence prices, traders can surpass market performance and reap the rewards they rightfully deserve. This focused approach enhances their ability to make informed decisions, seize profitable opportunities, and maximize their potential gains in the CFD market.

Education

INFORMATIONAL : THE UPSURGE OF PROPRIETARY TRADING FIRMS There has been a recent upsurge of CFD prop firms appearing. These prop firms offer traders the opportunity to trade with their capital and earn a percentage of the profits. But are these prop firms better than trading with a broker? And what are the risks and benefits of joining them? In this publication, we will explore these questions and more. 🔹What are CFD Prop Firms? CFD prop firms are different from traditional prop firms in several ways. Traditional prop firms typically employ traders and give them access to proprietary trading tools and tactics as well as training and coaching. Contrarily, CFD prop businesses fund traders once they successfully complete a task or audition rather than hiring them. Typically, the audition entails paying a fee and achieving specific trading goals within a predetermined time span. A profit target, a maximum drawdown limit, a daily loss limit, and other risk management guidelines could be part of the trading objectives. If a trader passes the audition, they will receive a funded account with a certain amount of capital, ranging from $10,000 to $1 million or more depending on the prop firm. The trader can then trade with the prop firm's capital and keep a percentage of the profits, usually between 50% to 80%. The prop firm will also monitor the trader's performance and enforce the same trading objectives as in the audition. If the trader violates any of the rules or loses too much money, they may lose their funded account or have to start over. 🔹Benefits of Joining a CFD Prop Firm Joining a CFD prop firm gives traders access to more capital than they would otherwise not have, which is one of the key advantages. As a result, they may be able to trade more instruments, diversify their portfolio, and boost their earning potential. Another advantage is that the trader's downside risk is diminished because they are just putting their audition fee at danger and nothing more, not their own money. Additionally, certain prop companies provide extra advantages like coaching, education, community support, scaling plans, and bonuses. 🔹Drawbacks and Challenges of Joining a CFD Prop Firm However, joining a CFD prop firm also has some drawbacks and challenges. One of them is that it can be difficult to pass the audition and maintain the funded account, as some of the trading objectives can be very strict and unrealistic. For example, some prop firms require traders to make a 10% profit within 30 days while keeping their drawdown below 5%. This can put a lot of pressure on traders and force them to overtrade or take excessive risks. Some prop companies may not be transparent or reliable and may not actually supply real money to trade with, which is another disadvantage. Instead, they might run a Ponzi scheme or use the audition fees to distribute the earnings. Therefore, before joining any prop firm, traders should exercise due diligence and investigation. The repute of the prop firm, regulation, fees, profit splits, trading products, leverage, platform, customer support, and withdrawal procedures are a few of the variables to take into account. Finally, another challenge is that having more capital does not necessarily mean being a better trader. Trading with more money can also increase the psychological pressure and emotional stress that traders face. Therefore, traders need to have a solid trading plan, strategy, discipline, and risk management skills before joining a prop firm. They also need to be realistic about their expectations and goals, and not rely on prop firms as a shortcut to success. 🔹Conclusion In conclusion, CFD prop firms can be a viable option for traders who want to trade with more capital and earn more profits while limiting their downside risk. However, they also come with some challenges and risks that traders need to be aware of and overcome. Therefore, traders need to weigh the pros and cons of joining a prop firm versus trading with a broker based on their own circumstances and preferences. Trading with a CFD prop firm can be a great opportunity for traders who have a proven track record of profitability and want to leverage their skills to make more money. One of the main issues is that the CFD prop industry is heavily unregulated and lacks transparency and accountability. This means that traders may not have legal protection or recourse in case of disputes or frauds. Moreover, some prop firms may impose strict rules and conditions on their traders, such as high fees, unrealistic targets, or limited withdrawal options. Therefore, before signing up with a CFD prop firm, traders should always conduct their due diligence and research. They should search for reputable and reliable prop companies that have a good track record, transparent terms and conditions, and equitable profit-sharing plans. Additionally, they should contrast various prop businesses and pick the one that best matches their trading preferences, objectives, and style. Additionally, traders should keep in mind that the best option to guarantee complete control and security over their trading activity remains opening their own trading account with a reputable broker.

Education

by ChristopherDownie

CFD,FUTURES,OPTIONS. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE ?🔷CFD Contacts Contract for Difference is referred to as CFD. It is a type of financial contract that enables traders to make predictions about price changes in a variety of underlying assets, such as indices, equities, and commodities, without actually holding such assets. A contract for difference (CFD) is an arrangement between two parties, usually a trader and a broker, to exchange the variation in the value of an underlying asset between the opening and closing dates of the contract. The trader will make money if the asset's price rises during that time; if it falls, they will lose money. Compared to traditional trading methods, CFD trading has a number of benefits, including cheaper transaction costs, the option to trade on leverage, and the opportunity to profit from both rising and falling markets. It does, however, come with dangers, including those related to leverage and market volatility, which, if not effectively managed, can cause large losses. It is significant to remember that not all nations permit CFD trading, and local restrictions may differ. Before beginning CFD trading, traders should speak with their broker and get professional assistance. Advantages: 1:High Leverage: CFD trading offers high leverage, which means that traders can control a larger position with a smaller investment. This can potentially result in larger profits. 2:Access to Various Markets: CFD trading provides access to a wide range of markets, such as stocks, indices, commodities, and currencies, allowing traders to diversify their portfolio and take advantage of different trading opportunities. 3:No Ownership of the Underlying Asset: CFD trading allows traders to speculate on the price movements of an underlying asset without actually owning it. This means that traders can benefit from the price movements of an asset without incurring the costs associated with owning it. 4:Short Selling: CFD trading allows traders to profit from falling markets by selling the asset short, which is not possible in traditional trading. 5:Lower Transaction Costs: CFD trading involves lower transaction costs compared to traditional trading methods, such as buying and selling stocks through a broker. Disadvantages: 1:High Risk: CFD trading is associated with high risk due to the high leverage and market volatility. Traders can potentially lose more than their initial investment. 2:Complexity: CFD trading involves complex financial instruments, which can be difficult for new traders to understand. 3:Limited Regulation: CFD trading is not regulated in all jurisdictions, which can expose traders to unscrupulous brokers and fraudulent activities. 4:Overnight Financing Charges: CFD trading involves overnight financing charges, which can eat into a trader's profits if positions are held for an extended period. 5:Counterparty Risk: CFD trading involves counterparty risk, which means that traders are exposed to the financial stability of their broker. If the broker goes bankrupt, the trader may lose their investment. 🔷Futures Contacts Financial contracts known as futures contracts allow two parties to buy or sell an underlying asset at a fixed price and later date. A commodity, currency, stock index, or other financial instrument could be the underlying asset. On regulated markets like the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) or the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), futures contracts are standardized and exchanged. The exchanges serve as go-betweens between buyers and sellers and offer a clear trading environment for futures contracts. A futures contract's buyer commits to buying the underlying asset at a predetermined price and later date. On the other side, the seller consents to provide the underlying asset at the agreed-upon cost and time. Traders and investors utilize futures contracts for hedging or speculative objectives. By fixing a price for future delivery, hedges use futures contracts to guard against changes in the underlying asset's price. Conversely, investors utilize futures contracts to profit from changes in the price of the underlying item without really holding it. Advantages: 1:Price Discovery: Futures trading provides a transparent and efficient marketplace for discovering the price of the underlying asset, which benefits traders and investors. 2:Liquidity: Futures contracts are highly liquid and traded on organized exchanges, which makes it easier to enter and exit positions at any time. 3:Standardization: Futures contracts are standardized, which means that they have a uniform size, settlement date, and other specifications. This allows traders to easily compare prices and make informed trading decisions. 4:Hedging: Futures contracts are commonly used by producers and consumers of commodities to hedge against price fluctuations. By locking in a price for future delivery, they can reduce their exposure to price risk. 5:Leverage: Futures contracts offer high leverage, which allows traders to control a large position with a relatively small amount of capital. This can potentially result in significant profits. Disadvantages: 1;High Risk: Futures trading is associated with high risk due to the high leverage and market volatility. Traders can potentially lose more than their initial investment. 2:Complexity: Futures trading involves complex financial instruments, which can be difficult for new traders to understand. 3:Margin Calls: Futures trading requires traders to maintain a certain level of margin in their trading account. If the account falls below this level, traders may receive a margin call and be required to deposit additional funds or close out positions. 4:Counterparty Risk: Futures trading involves counterparty risk, which means that traders are exposed to the financial stability of their broker. If the broker goes bankrupt, the trader may lose their investment. 5:Market Manipulation: Futures markets can be subject to market manipulation, which can distort prices and harm traders and investors. It is important for traders to be aware of this risk and to monitor market conditions closely. 🔷Options Contacts Financial arrangements known as option contracts between two parties grant the buyer the right, but not the duty, to purchase or sell the underlying asset at a defined price and date in the future. A stock, commodity, money, or other financial instrument could be the underlying asset. Call options and put options are the two basic categories of option contracts. In contrast to put options, which offer the buyer the right to sell the underlying asset at a predetermined price, calls give the buyer the right to purchase the underlying asset at a predetermined price. On regulated markets like the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) or the International Securities Exchange (ISE), option contracts are exchanged. The exchanges serve as go-betweens between buyers and sellers and offer a clear trading environment for option contracts. Traders and investors utilize option contracts for hedging or speculating objectives. Hedgers use option contracts to hedge against changes in the underlying asset's price, whereas speculators use them to profit from changes in the asset's price without actually holding it. Option trading is highly risky and necessitates a solid trading plan. Before engaging in option trading, it's critical for traders and investors to understand the dangers involved. Advantages: 1:Limited Risk: Buying options contracts limits the potential loss to the premium paid for the contract, while selling options contracts can also limit the potential loss to a certain extent. 2:High Potential Returns: Options contracts offer high leverage, which allows traders to control a large position with a relatively small amount of capital. This can potentially result in significant profits. 3:Flexibility: Options contracts provide traders with a high degree of flexibility, as they can be used for a variety of trading strategies, including hedging and speculation. 4:Hedging: Options contracts can be used to hedge against price fluctuations of the underlying asset. By buying put options or selling call options, traders can reduce their exposure to price risk. 5:Variety: Options contracts are available on a wide range of underlying assets, including stocks, commodities, currencies, and indexes. This allows traders to take advantage of different market conditions and diversify their portfolio. Disadvantages: 1:High Risk: Options trading is associated with high risk due to the high leverage and market volatility. Traders can potentially lose more than their initial investment. 2:Complexity: Options trading involves complex financial instruments, which can be difficult for new traders to understand. 3:Time Decay: Options contracts have an expiration date, after which they become worthless. This means that traders need to be correct about the direction of the underlying asset and the timing of the price movement. 4:Margin Requirements: Options trading requires traders to maintain a certain level of margin in their trading account. If the account falls below this level, traders may receive a margin call and be required to deposit additional funds or close out positions. 5:Illiquid Markets: Options contracts on less popular underlying assets may have low trading volume and liquidity, which can make it difficult to enter or exit positions at desired prices

Education

by ChristopherDownie

Five Reasons and Six Ways to Invest in Gold "Gold is money. Everything else is credit.", said John Pierpont Morgan. When borrowers default, markets collapse and banks run into crisis, gold prices skyrocket. Gold is trading at a 12-month high on March 18th. Gold has been valued for thousands of years. Gold has unique properties. It has been enchanting women and men since humans set foot on the planet. Polycrisis. That aptly describes the current times. The US regional bank crisis haunts markets. Credit Suisse - the bank to the wealthiest was so frail that Swiss National Bank had to step in to provide liquidity backstop. Regulators worked over the weekend to broker an acquisition by UBS to prevent a banking crisis from spreading. Inflation is raging hot at levels unseen in 40+ years. Compounding Chair Powell's quagmire, the US Fed has been forced to switch from QT to QE by providing support to its regional banks from collapsing under crisis of confidence. Geo-politics remains tricky. In times of crisis, investors seek flight to safety. Safest of all assets since civilisation began has been gold. This educational piece provides an overview of (a) physical gold market dynamics, (b) largest holders of gold reserves, and (c) gold price behaviour against other asset classes. It also describes five primary reasons for investing in gold, contrasts six methods of doing so, and highlights the downsides of holding gold. PHYSICAL GOLD DYNAMICS Gold performs multiple functions. It is a currency to some. Store of wealth to others. It is an industrial metal used in consumer electronics. The rich love gold in clothing and food. A bird's eye view of physical gold can be summarily described in three parts: 1. Consumers : Gold is used in consumer electronics due to its high conductivity and low corrosive properties. Gold used as industrial metal represents 6%-8% of total demand. Unsurprisingly, >50% of global gold demand is for jewellery. Jewellery is a multi-tasker. It meets aesthetic goals, serves as a status symbol while also being a form of investment. 2. Gold Reserves : Central banks hold gold as reserves. They are the most significant holders of gold. The haven nature of gold compels central banks to increase holdings during economic uncertainty, high inflation, or currency devaluation. Central Banks added >382 tonnes to their reserves in 2022. 3. Producers : Gold mining is a cyclical industry. Mining output has been in decline over the past decade as major gold producers shift to mining minerals and other metals like copper with the proliferation of lithium-ion batteries in EVs. Gold mining took a huge output hit during the pandemic and may not recover any time soon as capital expenditure into new gold mines is limited. GOLD RESERVES - THE MOVERS AND SHAKERS According to the World Gold Council, as of end 2022, central banks in Western European (11.8k tons) have the largest gold reserves followed by North Americans (8.1k tons), Central & Eastern Europeans (3.5k tons), and East Asians (3.4k tons). Last year, central banks of Turkey, China, Egypt, Qatar, and Uzbekistan were the largest buyers of gold. FIVE REASONS WHY GOLD SHOULD BE IN INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS Gold is a resilient store of wealth, provides meaningful portfolio diversification, has limited price volatility, extends benefits of hedge against inflation & currency debasement, and is limited in supply. 1. Resilient Store of Wealth Gold outperforms equities during periods of economic instability. Due to its material properties and scarcity, it can even become more valuable during such periods as investors seek shelter in classic risk-off assets such as gold. 2. Portfolio Diversification Gold can have both positive and negative correlation with other asset classes during different periods. This makes it an attractive addition to a diversified portfolio. 3. Limited Volatility Due to its large market size and diverse supply origins, gold is less volatile than equities and other asset classes making it a safer asset class for investors. 4. Inflation Hedge Gold is often seen as an inflation hedge. Which means that it can maintain its value or appreciate during periods of high inflation due to its scarcity and safety. However, in some cases monetary policy changes like interest rate hikes may make gold a less attractive investment compared to treasury yields during inflationary periods. 5. Limited in supply Gold is a finite resource, that too, one of the rarest precious metals in the world. Moreover, more than 200,000 tonnes of gold have already been dug up. This represents more than half of the total reserves. The gold that is yet to be mined is much more difficult to extract economically. Scarcity creates rarity, which in turn drives the value of the existing gold higher. Many governments, banks, and people also use gold as a long-term investment, which means a huge portion of the gold supply is taken out of circulation, shrinking available supply even more. SIX WAYS OF INVESTING IN GOLD There are multiple ways of investing in gold. Six primary ones are: 1. Physical Gold : Gold can be bought and stored in the form of jewellery or gold bars. Costs of storage, insurance and making charges can be substantial and also inconvenient. Investing in physical gold is not optimal for reasons of poor convenience and higher transaction costs. 2. Gold ETF : Exposure to gold can also be acquired through buying exchange traded funds (ETF) backed by physical gold. There are multiple ETFs that track physical gold prices. The SPDR Gold Shares ETF (GLD) was the pioneer and began trading in 2004. It has an expense ratio of 0.4% and tracks gold bullion prices. GLD holds both physical gold bullion and cash. GLD provides a liquid lower-cost method to buy and hold gold. Gold can be bought and sold during the trading day at market price. Investors must pay heed to taxation as gains from ETFs in some jurisdictions can be treated differently compared to other forms of gold. 3. Gold Futures : CME’s COMEX Gold futures is the world’s most liquid derivatives which enables capital efficient exposure to Gold. With round the clock liquidity, tight bid-ask spread and benefits of a cleared contract, investing through COMEX Gold futures is widely popular. Each lot of COMEX Gold Futures provides exposure to 100 oz of Gold. Enabling affordable access to investors and to facilitate accurate granular hedging, CME also offers Micro Gold Futures. Each lot of Micro Gold contract provides exposure to 10 oz of Gold. 4. Gold Options : CME also offers options on Gold Futures. Gold options is a useful investing and hedging tool. Using options, investors can lock in unlimited upside potential of price moves while limiting the adverse impact of downside price moves. 5. Shares of Gold Producers : Gold mining is an international business. Gold is mined on every continent except Antarctica. Top gold miners include Newmont (USA), Barrick (Canada), Anglogold Ashanti (South Africa), Kinross (Canada), Gold Fields (South Africa), Newcrest (Australia), Agnica Eagle (Canada), Polyus (Russia), Polymetal (Russia), and Harmony (South Africa). As is evident from the chart above, investing in gold miners for exposure to gold is a poor proxy as most of them have underperformed relative to gold prices. Furthermore, FX exposures must be hedged separately for some stocks which trade in emerging markets. In summary, securing gold exposure through miners is not optimal relative to other alternatives. 6. Gold CFDs : CFDs also known as contract for differences allows for synthetic access to the price of spot gold. These CFDs are OTC derivatives contracts which carry non-trivial counterparty risk with investors being exposed to the credit risk of the CFD provider. The table below summarises the merits of various gold investment instruments across key investment attributes. GOLD TOO HAS ITS DOWNSIDES Gold is a non-yielding asset. Shares of profitable companies pay dividends. Holding debt earns interest. Real estate delivers rents. But gold provides zero yield. For every problem, innovation in markets provides a solution. In a future paper, Mint Finance will demonstrate how gold can be transformed into a yield generating asset. Rising interest rates are headwinds to gold. As rates on treasury, bonds and deposits rise, investors rotate their money out of gold and into yield generating assets. Not only is gold non-yielding, but the returns also fade into insignificance relative to gains from innovation. In times of crisis, gold is a great hedge. However, while positioning portfolios for the long term, investors must astutely balance between safety versus growth. GOLD RETURNS IN RELATION TO OTHER ASSET CLASSES 1. US Equities and Emerging Markets Gold outperforms equities during periods of crisis. During equity bull runs, gold underperforms equities. Cumulatively, over the last 20 years, Gold has outperformed Dow Jones, S&P 500, and MSCI Emerging Markets. Only Nasdaq, which represents tech, innovation and growth has surpassed gold returns. 2. Treasuries with 2-Year and 10-Year Maturities Unsurprisingly, when sovereign risks rise and treasury yields fall to zero, gold shines. Between two non-yielding assets, investors prefer to take shelter in gold as a preferred haven. However, when rates rise, investors rotate out of gold and into treasuries. 3. Crude Oil, Copper, and Silver Over the last two decades, Gold has outperformed crude oil, copper, and silver. 4. Dollar Index, Bitcoin and Ethereum While US Dollar and gold are both global reserves, gold has outperformed the Dollar Index which is the value of the USD against a basket of six international currencies. However, relative to bitcoin and ethereum, gold pales into insignificance. Bitcoin is perceived as millennial gold and ethereum is the millennial oil. Both assets have obliterated gold in terms of price returns. 5. Major Currencies Over the last 3 years, as markets emerged out of the pandemic, gold has outperformed all the major currencies. Yen, under the influence of Governor Kuroda’s liberal QE program, has depreciated 63% against gold. Indian Rupee has deflated 47% while Euro and Sterling have shed 38% and 32% against gold. The US Dollar, Chinese Renminbi, and Aussie Dollar have depreciated 31%, 29% and 20% against gold, respectively. Key Takeaways Gold is money. Everything else is credit. Gold glows in crisis. It is a knight in shining armour for investors. Gold is the only asset which exhibits negative correlation. These are times of polycrisis. As investors seek flight to safety from banks even, gold is the safest among the few remaining alternatives. Gold is a resilient store of wealth, offers durable diversification within a portfolio, exhibits much lower volatility relative to equities, and serves as an inflation hedge albeit with less than a perfect record. Clients can invest in gold in multiple ways. Gold futures is the most convenient and optimal among the six alternatives. Gold has its downsides. It is a non-yielding asset and performs dismally against innovation and growth. Except for Nasdaq, bitcoin and ethereum, gold has outperformed currency majors, equity indices, US treasury, and commodities. In a future paper, Mint Finance will explore ways in which gold can be transformed into a yield generating asset. MARKET DATA CME Real-time Market Data helps identify trading set-ups and express market views better. If you have futures in your trading portfolio, you can check out on CME Group data plans available that suit your trading needs www.tradingview.com DISCLAIMER Trade ideas cited above are for illustration only, as an integral part of a case study to demonstrate the fundamental concepts in risk management under the market scenarios being discussed. They shall not be construed as investment recommendations or advice. Nor are they used to promote any specific products, or services. This material has been published for general education and circulation only. It does not offer or solicit to buy or sell and does not address specific investment or risk management objectives, financial situation, or needs of any person. Advice should be sought from a financial advisor regarding the suitability of any investment or risk management product before investing or adopting any investment or hedging strategies. Past performance is not indicative of future performance. All examples used in this workshop are hypothetical and are used for explanation purposes only. Contents in this material is not investment advice and/or may or may not be the results of actual market experience. Mint Finance does not endorse or shall not be liable for the content of information provided by third parties. Use of and/or reliance on such information is entirely at the reader’s own risk. These materials are not intended for distribution to, or for use by or to be acted on by any person or entity located in any jurisdiction where such distribution, use or action would be contrary to applicable laws or regulations or would subject Mint Finance to any registration or licensing requirement.

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by mintdotfinance

Updated

EXPLAINED: Gearing and how it works There is one tool with trading, which you can accelerate your portfolio, compared to with investing. I’m talking about Gearing (or leverage). To wrap our head around this concept, here’s a more relatable life example. When you buy a house for R1,000,000, it is very similar to trading derivatives. Initially, the homeowner most probably won’t have the full R1,000,000 to buy the house with just one purchase. Instead, they’ll sign a bond agreement, make a 10% deposit (R100,000), borrow the rest from the bank and be exposed to the full purchase price of the home. This is a similar concept for when you trade with gearing. Gearing is a tool which allows you to pay a small amount of money (deposit) in order to gain control and be exposed to a larger sum of money. You’ll simply buy a contract of the underlying share, use borrowed money to trade with and be exposed to the full share’s value. Let’s simplify this with a more relatable life example: How gearing works with CFDs Let’s say you want to buy 1,000 shares of Jimbo’s Group Ltd at R50 per share as you believe the share price is going to go up to R60 in the next three months. You’ll need to pay the entire R50,000 to own the full value of the 1,000 shares (R50 X 1,000 shares). In three months’ time, if the share price hits R60 you’ll then be exposed to R60,000 (1,000 shares X R60 per share). Note: I’ve excluded trading costs for simplicity purposes throughout this section If you sold all your shares, you’ll be up R10,000 profit (R60,000 – R50,000). The problem is you had to pay the full R50,000 to be exposed to those 1,000 shares. When you trade a geared instrument like CFDs, you won’t ever have to worry about paying the full value of a share again. A CFD is an unlisted over-the-counter financial derivative contract between two parties to exchange the price difference of the opening and closing price of the underlying asset. Let’s break that down into an easy-to-understand definition. A CFD (Contract For Difference) is an Unlisted (You don’t trade through an exchange) Over The Counter (Via a private dealer or market maker) Financial derivative contract (Value from the underlying market) Between two parties (The buyer and seller) to Exchange the Price difference of the opening and closing price of the Underlying asset (Instrument the CFD price is based on) Let’s use an example of a company called Jimbo’s Group Ltd, who offers the function to trade CFDs. The initial margin (deposit) requirement is 10% of the share’s value. This means, you’ll pay R5.00 per CFD instead of R50, and you’ll be exposed to the full value of the share. To calculate the gearing (or leverage ratio) you’ll simply divide what you’ll be exposed to over the initial margin deposit. Here’s the gearing calculation on a per CFD basis: Gearing = (Exposure per share ÷ Initial deposit per CFD) = (R50 per share ÷ R5.00 per CFD) = 10 times gearing This means two things… #1. For every one Jimbo’s Group Ltd CFD you buy for R5.00 per CFD, you’ll be exposed to 10 times more (the full value of the share). #2. For every one cent the share rises or falls, you’ll gain or lose 10 cents. To have the exposure of the full 1,000 shares of Jimbo’s Group Ltd, you’ll simply need to buy 1,000 CFDs. This will require a deposit of R5,000 (1,000 CFDs X R5.00 per CFD). With a 10% margin deposit (R5,000), you’d have the exact same exposure as you’d have with a conventional R50,000 shares’ investment. Here is the calculation you can use to work out the exposure of the trade. Overall trade exposure = (Total initial margin X Gearing) = (R5,000 X 10 times) = R50,000 With an initial deposit of R5,000 and with a gearing of 10 times, you’ll be exposed to the full R50,000 worth of shares. In three months’ if the share price reaches R60, your new overall trade exposure will be R60,000 worth of shares (1,000 shares X R60 per share). If you sold all of your positions, you’d bank a R10,000 gain (R60,000 – R50,000). But remember, you only deposited R5,000 into your trade and not the full R50,000. This is the beauty of trading geared derivative instruments. If you want any other technical trading or fundamental term explained, please comment below. I'm happy to help. Trade well, live free Timon MATI Trader Feel free to follow my socials below.

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FTR Setup - Long What is FTR? FTR in forex refers to fail to return. An important price action term used to do technical analysis of currency pairs in forex. Simply by its mean, price broke an important level but failed to return from that level. It is called FTR (fail to return). In the picture, I tried to explain this important trading setup simply and completely.

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Updated

2% Rule with CFDs versus Spread Trading The rule is very easy to understand. Whether you trade using CFDs or Spread Betting, the rule is the same. Never risk more than 2% of your portfolio on any one trade. It’s one rule that you can use whether you have a R1,000 account or a R10,000,000 account. You see, trading is a forever business. This means, as a trader you should risk as little of your portfolio as possible in order to stay in the game longer. We’ll now go straight into how you to enter your CFDs and Spread Betting trades using the 2% rule. How to enter your CFD trade using the 2% Rule Here are the specifics for the trade CFD of the underlying Company: TIM Ltd CFDs Portfolio value: R100,000 2% Max risk per CFD trade: R2,000 Entry price: R400.00 Stop loss price: R380.00 To calculate the no. of CFDs you’ll buy per trade, you’ll need the: ~ Max risk per trade ~ Entry Price and ~ Stop loss price Next, you’ll need to follow two steps: Step #1: Calculate the risk in trade The ‘risk in trade’ is the price difference between where you enter and where your stop loss is: Risk in trade = (Entry price – Stop loss price) = (R400 – R380) = R20 Step #2: Calculate the no. of CFDs to buy No. of CFDs to buy = (2% Risk ÷ Risk in trade) = (R2,000 ÷ R20) = 100 CFDs In your platform you’ll type in 100 TIM CFDs to buy, place your entry price at R400 and your stop loss price at R380 to risk only 2% of your portfolio. Note: 1 CFD = 1 Share exposure 100 CFDs = 100 Shares exposure How to enter your Spread Trade using the 2% Rule With spread trading you trade on a ‘value per 1 point’ basis. You’ll choose either: R0.01, R0.10, R1 or any other amount per 1 cent movement in the underlying market. If you choose R0.10 value per 1 cent movement, for every 10 cents the market moves against or for you, you’ll lose or gain 100 cents (10 cents value per point X 10 cents movement). Here are the specifics for the spread trade. Contract of the underlying Company: TIM Ltd Portfolio value: R100,000 2% Max risk per Spread trade: 200,000c (R2,000) Entry price: 40,000c (R400.00) Stop loss price: 38,000c (R380.00) To calculate the ‘Value Per Point’ to enter your long (buy) trade, you’ll need the: ~ Max risk per trade ~ Entry Price ~ Stop loss price Next, you’ll need to follow two steps: Step #1: Calculate the risk in trade Risk in trade = (Entry price – Stop loss price) = (40,000c – R38,000c) = 2,000c (R20.00) Step #2: Value per 1 cent movement Value per 1 cent movement = (2% Risk ÷ Risk in trade) = (200,000c ÷ 2,000c) = 100c (R1.00) This means, with a ‘Value per point of 100c’ every 1 cent the TIM Ltd share price moves, you’ll make or lose 100 cents. Every 2,000c the market moves, you’ll make or lose 200,000c or R2,000 of your portfolio (100c Value per 1 cent movement X 2,000c movement). Note: 1 Cent per 1 cent movement = 1 Share exposure 100 Cents per 1 cent movement = 100 Shares exposure

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EXPLAINED: How Gearing Works with CFDs and Spread Trading Not sure what happened but the image didn't show. Here it is again... This is the most important concept you’ll need to understand to accelerate your account. During your trading experience, with gearing, you’ll learn how to multiply your profits. But you can also multiply your losses, if you don’t know what you’re doing. So listen up. What Gearing is in a nutshell… Gearing also known as leverage or margin trading, is the function that allows you to pay a small amount of money, in order to gain control and be exposed to a larger sum of money. There is a very simple calculation you’ll use calculate the gearing for both CFDs and Spread Trading. Exposure Initial margin In order to understand this formula, let’s use three gearing examples with shares versus CFDs and Spread Trading. We’ll break it up into three steps for CFDs and Spread Trading: 1. Calculate the entry market exposure 2. Calculate the initial margin (Deposit) 3. Calculate the gearing We’ll also exclude costs to help simplify the gearing concept better. EXAMPLE 1: Buying AAS Ltd shares Portfolio value: R100,000 Company: AAS Ltd Share price: R109.00 No. shares to buy: 100 If you buy one share at R109 per share, you’ll be exposed to R109 worth of one share. If you buy 100 shares at R109 per share, you’ll be exposed to R10,900 worth of shares (100 shares X R109 per share). We know that to be exposed to the full R10,900 worth of shares, we needed to pay an initial margin (deposit) of R10,900. If we plug in values into the gearing formula, we get. Gearing = (Exposure ÷ Initial Margin) = (R10,900 ÷ R10,900) = 1:1 This means, there is NO gearing or a gearing of 1 times, with the share example as, what we paid is exactly as what we are exposed to. Easy enough? Let’s move onto CFDs. EXAMPLE 2: Buying AAS Ltd CFDs Portfolio value: R100,000 CFD of the underlying Company: AAS Ltd CFD Share price: R109.00 Margin % per CFD: 10% (NOTE: Find out on your trading platform or ask your broker for the margin % per CFD) No. CFDs to buy: 100 Step #1: Calculate the entry exposure of the CFD Entry exposure = (Share price X No. CFDs) = (R109.00 X 100 CFDs) = R10,900 NOTE: 1 CFD per trade, you’ll be exposed to the value of one share. 100 CFDs per trade, you’ll be exposed to the value of 100 shares. Step #2: Calculate the initial margin of the CFD trade Initial margin = (Exposure X Margin % per CFD) = (R10,900 X 0.10) = R1,090 This means to buy 100 CFDs, you’ll need to pay an initial margin (deposit) of R1,090. Step #3: Calculate the gearing of the CFD trade Gearing = (Exposure ÷ Initial margin) = (R10,900 ÷ R1,090) = 10 times With a gearing of 10 times, this means two things… #1: For every one CFD you buy for R10.90 per CFD, you’ll be exposed to 10 times more or the value of one AAS Ltd share. #2: For every one cent the share price rises or falls, you’ll gain or lose 10 cents. EXAMPLE 2: Buying AAS Ltd CFDs Portfolio value: R100,000 Underlying Company: AAS Ltd Share price: 10,900c Value per point: 100c (R1.00) Margin % per Spread Trading contract: 7.50% (NOTE: Find out on your trading platform or ask your broker for the margin % per share contract) Step #1: Calculate the entry exposure of the spread trade Entry exposure = (Share price X Value per point) = (10,900c X 100c) = 1,090,000 (R10,900) Note: 1c value per point per spread trade– you’ll be exposed to one AAS share 100c value per point per spread trade – you’ll be exposed to 100 AAS shares Step #2: Calculate the initial margin of the spread trade Initial margin = (Exposure X Initial margin) = (1,090,000c X 0.075) = 81,750c (R817.50) This means, you’ll need to pay an initial margin (deposit) of R817.50 to be exposed to R10,900 worth of AAS Ltd shares. Step #3: Calculate the gearing of the spread trade Gearing = (Exposure ÷ Initial margin) = (1,090,000 ÷ 81,750c) = 13.33 times This means, by depositing R817.50 you’ll be exposed to 13.33 times more or R10,900 (R817.50 X 13.33 times) worth of AAS Ltd shares. You now know how gearing works with CFDs and Spread Trading, in the next lesson we’ll cover how to never risk more than 2% of your portfolio for each CFD and Spread Trade you take. Did you enjoy this article? Trade well, live free. Timon Rossolimos Feel free to follow our socials below for more.

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EXPLAINED: CFDs versus Spread Trading 101 What are CFDs and Spread Trading? Spread Trading (betting) and CFDs are financial instruments that allow us to do one thing. To place a bet on whether a market will go up or down in price – without owning the underlying asset. If we are correct, we stand a chance to make magnified profits and vice versa if wrong. Both CFDs and Spread Trading, allow us to buy or sell a huge variety of markets including: • Stocks • Currencies • Commodities • Crypto-currencies and • Indices. When you have chosen a market to trade, there are two types of CFD or Spread Trading positions you can take. You can buy (go long) a market at a lower price as you expect the price to go up where you’ll sell your position at a higher price for a profit. You can sell (go short) a market at a higher price as you expect the price to go down where you’ll buy your position at a lower price for a profit. EXPLAINED: CFDs for Dummies DEFINITION: A CFD is an unlisted over-the-counter financial derivative contract between two parties to exchange the price difference between the opening and closing price of the underlying asset. Let’s break that down into an easy-to-understand definition. EASIER DEFINITION: A CFD (Contract For Difference) is an: • Unlisted (You don’t trade through an exchange) • Over The Counter (Via a private dealer or market maker) • Financial derivative contract (Value from the underlying market) • Between two parties (The buyer and seller) to • Exchange the • Price difference (Of the opening and closing price) of the • Underlying asset (Instrument the CFD price is based on) EASIEST DEFINITION Essentially, you’ll enter into a CONTRACT at one price, close it at another price FOR a profit or a loss depending on the price DIFFERENCE (between your entry and exit). Moving onto Spread Trading. EXPLAINED: Spread Trading for Dummies DEFINITION: Spread Trading is a derivative method to place a trade with a chosen bet size per point on the movement of a market’s price. EASIER DEFINITION: Spread Trading is a: Derivative method (Exposed to an underlying asset) to Place a trade (Buy or sell) with a chosen Bet size per point on where you expect a Market price will Move (Up or down) In value EASIEST DEFINITION: Spread Betting allows you to place a BET size on where you expect a market to move in price. Each point the market moves against or for you, you’ll win or lose money based on their chosen TRADING bet size (a.k.a Risk per point or cent movement). The higher the bet size (value per point), the higher your risk and reward. The costs you WILL pay with Spread Trading and CFDs Both Spread Trading and CFDs are geared-based derivative financial instruments. As their values derive from an underlying asset, when you trade using Spread Trading or CFDs, you never actually own any of the assets. You’re just making a simple bet on whether you expect a market price to rise or fall in the future. If you decide to go with the broker or market maker who offers CFDs or Spread Trading, there are certain costs you’ll need to pay. Costs with Spread Trading With Spread Trading, you’ll only have one cost to pay – which are all included in – the spread. The spread is the price difference between the bid (buying price) and the offer (selling price). EXAMPLE: Let’s say you enter a trade and the bid and offer prices is 5,550c – 5,610c. The spread, in this case, is 60c (5,610c – 5,550c). This means your trade has to move 60c to cross the spread in order for you to be in the money-making territory. Also, if the trade goes against you, the spread will also add to your losses. Why the spread you ask? The spread is where the brokers (market makers’) make their money. Costs with CFDs Brokerage With CFDs, it can be different. Depending on who you choose to trade CFDs with, you may need to cover both the spread as well as the brokerage fees – when you trade. These brokerage fees can range from 0.2% – 0.60% for when you enter (leg in) and exit (leg out) a trade. NOTE: If the minimum brokerage per trade is R100, you’ll have to pay R100 to enter your trade. Daily Interest Finance Charge The other (negligible) cost, you’ll need to cover is the daily financing charges. If you buy (go long) a trade, you’ll have to pay this negligible charge (0.02% per day) to hold a trade overnight. However, if you sell (go short) a CFD trade, you’ll then receive this negligible amount (0.009%) to hold a short trade overnight. The costs you WON’T pay as a Spread Trader With spread trading (betting), you don’t own anything physical. When you take a spread bet, you’re simply making a financial bet on where you expect the price to move and nothing else. This means, there will be no costs to pay as you would with shares including: NO Daily Interest Finance charges NO Stamp Duty costs NO Capital Gains Tax NO Securities Transfer Tax NO Strate NO VAT NO Brokerage (all wrapped in the spread). The costs you WON’T pay as a CFD trader With CFDs, you’ll notice that there are similar costs with Spread Trading that you won’t have to pay including: NO Stamp Duty costs NO Securities Transfer Tax NO Settlement and clearing fees NO VAT NO Strate 24-Hour Dealings The great thing about Spread Betting or CFD trading is that, you can trade markets trade 24/5. I’m talking about currencies, commodities and indices. And with Crypto-currencies you can trade them 24 hours a day seven days a week. I have left out a very important difference between CFDs and Spread Trading… Gearing and how it works in real life…

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Q. How do you work out CFD Interest Swaps with an example?Q. How do you work out CFD Interest Swaps with an example? Answer: CFDs is an instrument where you pay a small amount of money to be exposed to the full value of the share. With CFDs, there are daily charges when you buy and daily income interest that you receive when you sell (go short). The charge is known as a ‘daily swap’ or ‘daily interest charge’. You can ask your broker what the annual interest swap rate is or you’ll most likely be able to find it on your platform… With my broker for example, the long swap (for when you buy) is -9.47% per year. And the short swap (for when you sell) is 2.71%. With your Shoprite trade, because you’re buying CFDs (which is a geared instrument), you’re essentially borrowing the money from the bank. This means, you have to pay interest on the borrowed funds (in order to be exposed to the full value). Those are the ‘swaps’ we’re talking about. Let’s say the Shoprite share is trading at R223.19 and the margin (initial deposit) to buy 1 CFD is 9.7% (R21.70). This means, when you buy 1 CFD for R21.70, you’ll be exposed to the full R223.19 worth of the share. If you buy 100 CFDs and pay R2,170 (100 CFDs X R21.70) you’ll be exposed to the full R22,319 worth of shares (100 shares X 223.19). And if you sold the 100 CFDs at R236.00, you would have been exposed to R23,600. On that R22,319 exposure, you’ll pay 9.47% (R2,113.60) interest (swap) per year. But luckily as traders, you don’t need to worry about paying the full amount, as we like to hold only for a short period of time. This means, each day you hold the CFD with exposure of R22,319 – you’ll only pay R5.49. (Exposure of your trade X 9.47%) ÷ 365 days. If the exposure never changed and you held onto your trade at the same share price you would pay R54.90 (after 10 days). However, we know that share prices move up and down each day. The higher the market goes up, the higher your exposure where you’ll pay slightly more. If the market price drops, you will pay slightly less. However, as traders we don’t tend to hold for more than a couple of days or weeks to curb the daily interest charges. If you have any other questions please ask in the comments :) Trade well, live free. Timon MATI Trader

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This is the chart that I use to trade the NASDAQ100 CFDs.I use hourly range charts to analyse the distribution of the market. Range charts make it easier to see the extremes in the chart. I also look at the time and the range of the hour. Statistically, 61.8% time market should range. Also, the market should stay in the same range 61.8% until the next day or session. Draw your volume profile. Mark the time of the day. Price moves away from the mean as well as moves toward the mean. That is the characteristic of a normal distribution.

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by rangika_ailapperuma

Relationship Between Price & volume & open interest hello everyone. today i want to explain the relationship between price and volume and open interest. we know that open interest means the number of positions (long/short)that is open.(in short OI) if the price going up and volume and OI is going up too we can see very strong bullish sentiment in market. if price going up but volume and OI going down it means that the price weakening and long positions is closing so we have bearish sentiment in market. if the price going down but volume and OI going up it means traders interst to open short positions and the sentiment is very bearish. and in the end if the price is going down and vol and OI going down too we can understand that traders are tired from falling and want to close their short positions so we have a bullish sentiment in market. hope that this is useful for you. if you support me i will try to be better day by day... thank you friends

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by TraderAmin-KZ

Asset Classes - Part 1 and 2 - For beginners Asset classes - Part 1 - Stocks, Bonds, Commodities and Currencies There are several types of asset classes which group together investments with similar characteristics. However, each asset class also has its own particular features that it does not share with other asset classes. Most common asset classes are: equities, fixed income, real estate, commodities and currencies. Correlation between different asset classes within the same industry is common. However, asset classes in unrelated fields show very little correlation. Each asset class possesses a different level of liquidity; most liquid asset classes are equities, fixed-income securities, and commodities. Sub-asset class Asset classes can be subdivided into sub-asset classes; for example, commodities can be subdivided into lumber, metals, oil, etc. Sub-asset classes can be further subdivided into separate groups which show common characteristics while showing characteristics of the broad group at the same time. For example, metals can be subdivided into precious metals and industrial metals. Each group can be then divided even further to efficiently distinct between separate features of asset type. For example, precious metals can be divided into gold, silver and platinum. Illustration 1.01 Illustration above shows a daily chart of continuous CFD on WTI oil. Price made a low of 33.67 USD on 2nd November 2020 and continued to rise until it reached a high of 85.39 USD on 25th October 2021. Correlation Some assets tend to show correlation. Such correlation can be positive or negative. Positive correlation means that two assets behave in a similar way. For example, when gold rises then mining stocks rise as well. Contrary to that, negative correlation describes such behavior in which assets move in the opposite direction to each other. For example, when USDEUR declines then WTI oil tends to rise. Illustration 1.02 Illustration above shows the daily graph of Exxon Mobil Corporation which belongs to the oil mining and exploration sector. It made a low of 31.11 USD on 29th October 2020 and then continued to rise until 1st November 2021 when it reached a high of 66.08 USD. Positive correlation can be observed between CFD on WTI oil shown in Illustration 1.01 and Exxon Mobil Corporation stock. Stocks Stocks, also called equities, are normally issued by an eminent (company, state, etc.) as shares which give right of ownership to their holder. These shares are then sold by eminent (to investors) with the purpose to raise capital. Stocks are predominantly traded on stock exchanges and they can be either common stocks or preferred stocks. Common stocks entitle a shareholder to vote at shareholders´ meetings and to receive dividends being paid by a company. Preferred stocks differ from common stocks in that they usually come with limited or no voting rights at all. Though, preferred stocks have higher claims to dividends and distribution of assets by a company. This means that in case of liquidation of a company preferred stockholders have priority over common stockholders. In addition to that, preferred stocks can pay higher dividends than common stocks and because of that they are good for building passive income based on dividend payments which can be monthly or quarterly. Bonds Bonds are simply loans made by an eminent (borrower) which can be state, corporation, or any other legal entity. Bonds are considered fixed-income instruments because they come with interest payments being paid out to an investor. Owner of a bond is called debtholder while the issuer of a bond is called a creditor. Bonds are tradable assets and they have maturity. In addition to that, bonds come with risk of default. Because of that, higher yielding bonds usually come with higher risk of default. Bonds are great investment vehicles for building passive income, however, they generally underperform in terms of yield when compared to stocks, commodities and indices. Bond yield is negatively correlated to bond's price. Commodities Commodities are basic goods (such as gold, lumber, oil etc.) that are used in commerce. They are usually refined or used for production of other goods. Commodities can be traded on market exchanges where they must meet specified minimum standards like quality, weight, type, etc. Commodities are great speculative and anti-inflationary investment vehicles. Illustration 1.03 Illustration 1.03 shows the daily chart of CFD on WTI oil. On 20th April 2020 due to the WTI oil crisis at Cushing, Oklahoma price plunged below negative 36 USD (-36 USD per barrel). Unfortunately, that is not depicted on the chart (chart depicts lowest value at 0.00 USD). Currencies Currency has the role of a medium of exchange for goods and services in almost all economies around the world. There are many different currencies worldwide, however, predominantly used currencies are U.S. dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), British pound (GBP), Yuan (CNY) Ruble (RUB), Yen (JPY). Relationships between currencies are highly intertwined making the currency market very complex and hard to predict. Central banks can influence currency rates through monetary policies such as interest rates and quantitative easing. Similarly, a government can impact currency rate by enacting fiscal policies. These policies can have an impact on spending, import, export, etc.; which will, in result, influence currency rate. In addition to all of that, some currencies exhibit positive or negative correlation with commodities such as gold, oil, etc. Illustration 1.04 Illustration above shows the daily graph of EURUSD. It is observable that EURUSD made lows in March 2020 and then continued to rise towards November 2020. Only a month later in April 2020 oil bottomed out and then started to rise in tandem with EURUSD (depicted in Illustration 1.03). Asset Classes - Part 2 - Cryptocurrencies, ETFs, CFDs Modern technology along with financial evolution brought rise of new asset classes such as cryptocurrencies, exchange traded funds (ETFs), contracts for difference (CFDs) and options. These new financial instruments represent alternative investment to stocks, bonds, commodities and currencies. Additionally, some features within these products can help an investor to diversify portfolio, trade short and use leverage with ease of a few mouse button clicks. Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrency is simply digital currency. Most cryptocurrencies are based on blockchain technology which acts as a distributed ledger that is run by a large number of computers that comprise decentralized structure. Normally, cryptocurrencies are not issued by central authorities (however, central banks around the world currently work on digital form of fiat currencies). Cryptocurrencies are encrypted by cryptographic methods which makes them very difficult to counterfeit and double-spend. These assets are considered to be more volatile when compared to stocks, bonds, commodities and fiat currencies. Another defining feature that sets cryptocurrencies apart from other assets is that they are traded non-stop (24 hours a day, including weekends). Most popular cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Cardano (ADA), Ripple (XRP), Dogecoin (DOGE). Illustration 1.04 Picture above shows the monthly chart of BTCUSD (Bitcoin in USD). It is very easy to spot unbelievable growth of more than 862 000 % between August 2011 and November 2021. Exchange traded fund (ETF) Exchange traded fund is a type of security that is publicly traded on a stock market exchange and which tracks an index, stock, commodity, or other asset. Exchange traded funds can track either one asset or group of assets. This allows an ETF to be structured in such a way that it can reflect performance of a particular economic sector. Illustration 1.05 Illustration above shows the daily graph of JETS ETF which is an airline exchange traded fund. It has exposure to airline manufacturers, airline operators, airports and terminal services. Contract for difference (CFD) Contract for difference is exchange traded security that is cash-settled and which does not include delivery of goods. It simply pays the difference between the opening price and closing price. CFDs copy the price of other securities and they can be traded short, and also on margin. However, usually higher fees are associated with CFDs when compared to stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities. Illustration 1.06 Depiction above shows the monthly graph of CFD on USOIL. DISCLAIMER: This content serves solely educational purposes.

Education

by Tradersweekly

USDCAD : Why trade currency as a CFD?CFDs are financial contracts between a broker and trader that pays for the difference in the settlement price between when you open and close a trade. If a trader expects the currency to move higher, they will enter a long position with a specific lot size. Conversely, if the trader expects the currency to move lower, they will enter a short position, expecting to profit from it. The benefit of CFDs is that there is no need to own the physical asset. Instead, traders speculate in the difference between opening and closing trade prices. While these contracts can be used to speculate on the foreign exchange markets, the same concept applies to other assets such as commodities, oil and indices. In Forex trading, CFDs allow us to buy or sell the currencies without actually owning the physical asset. For example, let’s say you live in Canada and, through your analysis, you expect CAD to depreciate and USD to appreciate. What could you do to hedge against the CAD dollar that you have on hand? Well, you can buy or “go long’ on USD/CAD and profit from the movement in prices. By buying or entering a long position on USD/CAD, you are essentially buying the USD and selling CAD. SO, WHAT IF YOU DECIDED TO TRADE WITHOUT THE USE OF CFDS? This would mean going down to your local currency dealer and exchanging your physical Canadian dollars for US dollars, leaving you holding on to stacks of US dollars. When the value of the US dollar moves higher, you would once again head back to the currency dealer to exchange them into CAD. Now that the USD is stronger, you can exchange them for more CAD dollars than the initial amount you invested, thereby realising a profit. SOUNDS LIKE A HASSLE? It is. That’s why CFDs are so popular for forex trading: it removes the need to hold those stacks of physical cash, making trading much more convenient.

Education

HOW TO BUY & SELL GOLD : Part1 🏅 CFDS VS ETFS 🏅 ➡️ GOLD ETFS (Right Chart) ETFS PHYSICAL GOLD (ASX:GOLD) offers low-cost access to physical gold via the stock exchange and avoids the need for investors to personally store their own bullion. Each GOLD unit comes with an entitlement to an amount of "physical bullion". This means : Real Gold, Real Bars. ⬅️ GOLD CFDS (Left Chart) CFDs on GOLD US$/OZ (TVC:GOLD) (OANDA:XAUUSD) CFD stands for Contracts for Difference, with the difference being between where you enter a trade and where you exit. Simply put, when the position is closed, you’ll receive the profit or incur the loss on that difference. When you trade a CFD you’re speculating on the movement of the price only, rather than traditional stocks where you purchase a physical asset. You do not ever own any real gold bars. 🤓 CFD TRADE EXAMPLE The price of gold is measured by its weight. Therefore, the price shows how much it costs for one ounce of gold in US dollars. For example, if the gold (XAUUSD) price is $1600.00, it means an ounce of gold is traded at US$1600.00. Similarly, the price of silver is its price per ounce in USD. If the silver (XAGUSD) price is 28.00, it means that an ounce of silver is traded at US$28.00. If you have bought gold for $1600, you do not have an ounce of gold that you can hold, but you rather have the obligation to buy XAU at US$1600. When you close your position, you sell the XAU and close your exposure. If you sell it for $1605.00, you have made profit of $5 for every ounce (unit) of gold in your contract. The same concept applies to silver trading. If you have bought silver (XAGUSD) for $28.00 and sell at $28.50, you would have made a profit of $0.50 for every ounce of silver in your contract. 🤔 WHY TRADE CFDS? If you’re looking to invest in the price movements of instruments, rather than purchasing physical assets To take advantage of swift fluctuations in the underlying instrument or security. This is popular with short-term investors looking to profit from intra-day and overnight movements in the market To take advantage of leverage and spread capital across a range of different instruments rather than tie it up in a single investment (note: this approach can increase risk) As a risk management tool to hedge exposure

Education

COPPER Parallel Channel 2020/03/03 Copper Parallel Channel Trade Idea From 2020/01/15 and 2020/01/24

Education

GOLD, Almost perfect!)Why do I like geometry? Because it often meets on charts. - Fibo Retracement; - Fibo Spiral; - Gann Fan; - Gann Square... These are my favorite! Thanks for your support!

Education

by Yuriy_Bishko

SP500 (SPY) Be careful.All description on the chart. Please, don't forget to like and follow. Thank you.

Education

by chorny.capital

To success — ask simple questions Hello friends, first of all, you can support this idea and follow simple questions in your trading. This post will help you find your ways in trading. Before any trade, ask simple questions and make sure you have answers. Can you afford to lose some amount money? — Accept the risk. Don't fool yourself. Do you have a strategy for trade? — Plan where you will get profits and where take loss. Are you in right state of mind? — Make sure you're not biased to something in this trade. Do you have confidence in your analysis? — Get more knowledge of TA, and what works for specific asset. Is there any news may coming to impact this trade? — Bad news or even good news could change direction for short-term. Be ready for everything. Is there any reasons not take this trade? — Well any reasons here, schedule, work, health etc Is this is a safe trade? — Make sure you are not jumping in trade in FOMo, check yourself and risks. Stay profitable, this is ArtemCrypto

Education

GOLD, How do you like it?!))Look at the local lines on the chart! Each of them should be considered separately. It can be an intraday trading strategy: after a few taps on one side, touch the other and make some move. Push like if you think this is a useful idea! Before to trade my ideas make your own analyze. Write your comments and questions here! Thanks for your support!

Education

by Yuriy_Bishko

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