Get started

Kernel

So, what’s wrong with Kernel?Landscape in the agricultural sector could not be much more favourable for Kernel than it is nowadays. Grains Price Index is at its highest level since 2013 and the company has managed to fix most of its sale prices for the 2021/2022 season. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, global grain yields in 2021 will be remarkably high mostly thanks to the very impressive yields in Argentina and Ukraine. The other major producers like the United States, Brazil, Canada, and China faced unfavourable weather conditions in 2021. China is especially relevant in the context of Kernel as its agricultural products import increased in the first two quarters of 2021 by 34% y/y. Moreover, the key agricultural region of China, Henan province, experienced severe floods that are likely to facilitate the upward trend in the grains import. Let’s be more specific. Rather conservative DCF and comparables suggest a valuation of around 78PLN per share. Quite optimistic given the current 57. So, what’s wrong with Kernel? The positive indicators I described have been widely known for quite some time however the share price does not display an upward trend. The late July price jump was caused by the buyback announcement. What is the market afraid of? One thing that comes to my mind is July’s Ukrainian tax authorities tax compliance check. Given the position of Kernel’s owner Andriy Verevskyi, I don’t believe that the firm can get busted on taxes. (Kernel is a huge VAT recipient*; more about Ukrainian oligarchs' power**). Donbas war could be considered another “risk factor” however, based on the media reports, the conflict smoulders rather than burns. Lastly, at the beginning of July Kernel announced the amendment of the expense plan regarding the new oilseed processing plant. Additional costs usually do not make shareholders particularly content although given the record yields this year, plant expansion seems to be justified. Summing up, my valuation suggests that the business is undervalued and I can’t think of risks strong enough to justify current capitalization. Thus, I am optimistic. *latifundist.com/en/novosti/56563-nazvany-krupnejshie-poluchateli-vozmeshcheniya-nds-v-agrosektore-za-avgust-2021-g **chathamhouse.org/2021/07/ukraines-system-crony-capitalism/05-agriculture-counterexample
GPW:KERLong
by UnknownUnicorn27189777
1
Generalized Moving Average Kernels A moving averages is a very simple concept that traders often take for granted and do not consider the inner mechanics of. In a very generalized sense a moving average for the last n periods is something that combines the past n values with unique weightings for each value. The real power of a moving average is in how those weightings are chosen. In a larger sense our choice of weightings is called a "kernel" or an "envelope". So if we consider a simple moving average all the weightings are the same, which means that our calculation equally considers past price action and current price action, this has a flat kernel. A weighted or linear moving average (wma) has a kernel that is shaped like a line and is decreasing as the distance from the current bar increases that takes the form of y = mx+b. This means that the weighting is higher for more recent bars and less for historic bars; increasing the slope (the value "m") of this will make this kernel more sensitive to recent bars than past bars. The exponential moving average (ema) is theoretically just like the wma but with an exponential term, aka y = ax^2 + mx + b. increasing the value of "a" will make the average exponentially more sensitive to recent price action than past bars. These are just 3 examples of the most common kernels. However the choice in kernels can be entirely your choice, and this is what I am presenting to the tradingview community. These methods are rather common in the field of signal processing and hopefully trading sometime soon. Here I have built 3 new kernels for everyone in an indicator I will release soon. 1. The generalized polynomial kernel (blue) Whereas the wma is defined by y = mx + b, the ema by y = ax^2 + mx + b, the generalized polynomial kernel can take in an eighth order polynomial as a kennel function: y = sum (rx ^ i) where i ranges from 0 to 8 and the user has 9 coefficients "r". To make a wma here one just sets the last 6 values of r to zero, or to make an ema the user sets the last 5 values of r to zero. If you are curious what shape your polynomial makes you can just plug it into wolfram or google to see it. This is the blue line on the chart above with all coefficients set to 1 by default. 2. The gaussian kernel (red) This option sets the moving average kernel to a gaussian. The important thing here to consider is where it is centered, and how broad it is. If the width of the gaussian is sufficiently larger than the moving average window size then you will start to approximate a simple moving average, however if the width of the gaussian is incredibly narrow you are basically sampling the bars from however long ago that your gaussian is centered, like creating an offset. If the centering is done closer to the recent bars then there is essentially a smooth drop off in weightings with a negative concavity. This is the red line on the chart. 3. The noise kernel (green) The idea of this one is simple, to just make a random kernel. Any value of the kernel can have a vastly different weight than the neighboring kernels. As tradingview has no random number generator I used a quasi random one that multiplies the unix time with the price and takes the sine function of that. For being totally random it also appears to be useful. This is the green line on the chart. The script for this will be coming soon, I just have to clean it up for everyone. Keep in mind that this indicator is not ready to just apply to the charts, it is designed for people to customize and mess with first. If anyone has any ideas to test with this I am incredibly interested to explore this deeper. I am using this general idea to move onto very interesting and potentially powerful applications, if anyone wants to talk about the technicalities of these please feel free to message me.
DJ:DJIEducation
by mcbw_
1