Potential bearish drop?XAU/USD has reacted off the resistance level which is a pullback resistance and could drop from this level to our take profit.
Entry: 2,627.88
Why we like it:
There is a pullback resistance level.
Stop loss: 2,655.19
Why we like it:
There is a pullback resistance level.
Take profit: 2,585.75
Why we like it:
There is a pullback sup [port level.
Enjoying your TradingView experience? Review us!
Please be advised that the information presented on TradingView is provided to Vantage (‘Vantage Global Limited’, ‘we’) by a third-party provider (‘Everest Fortune Group’). Please be reminded that you are solely responsible for the trading decisions on your account. There is a very high degree of risk involved in trading. Any information and/or content is intended entirely for research, educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute investment or consultation advice or investment strategy. The information is not tailored to the investment needs of any specific person and therefore does not involve a consideration of any of the investment objectives, financial situation or needs of any viewer that may receive it. Kindly also note that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking or past performance statements. We assume no liability as to the accuracy or completeness of any of the information and/or content provided herein and the Company cannot be held responsible for any omission, mistake nor for any loss or damage including without limitation to any loss of profit which may arise from reliance on any information supplied by Everest Fortune Group.
Metals
XAUUSD: Bullish trend intact. Cycle target 3,100Gold may just be neutral on its 1D technical outlook (RSI = 45.126, MACD = -15.410, ADX = 31.343) due to the December's consolidation but on the 1M timeframe the Channel Up is very much intact and is immitating that of 2019 so far. Basically since late 2020, Gold has been replicating the post-2016 Cycle, which started with a 3 year accumulation period that led to the 2019-2020 Channel Up. This topped on the 3.0 Fibonacci extension. This is enough for us to keep us bullish (TP = 3,100).
## If you like our free content follow our profile to get more daily ideas. ##
## Comments and likes are greatly appreciated. ##
GOLD 4H CHART ROUTE MAP UPDATEHey Everyone,
Markets ranging sideways today before Christmas and our plan of action remains the same with our levels and targets still valid for the week for the days that are open.
We continue to play between both weighted levels, 2629 Goldturn resistance and 2600 Goldturn support and will need ema5 cross and lock on either Goldturn to confirm determine the next range.
We will see levels tested side by side until one of the weighted levels break and lock to confirm direction for the next range.
We will keep the above in mind when taking buys from dips. Our updated levels and weighted levels will allow us to track the movement down and then catch bounces up.
We will continue to buy dips using our support levels taking 30 to 40 pips. As stated before each of our level structures give 20 to 40 pip bounces, which is enough for a nice entry and exit. If you back test the levels we shared every week for the past 24 months, you can see how effectively they were used to trade with or against short/mid term swings and trends.
BULLISH TARGET
2629 - DONE
EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK ABOVE 2629 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BULLISH TARGET
2655
EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK ABOVE 2655 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BULLISH TARGET
2694
EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK ABOVE 2694 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BULLISH TARGET
2726
BEARISH TARGETS
2600
EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 2600 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BEARISH TARGET
2561
EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 2561 WILL OPEN THE SWING RANGE
SWING RANGE
2518 - 2486
As always, we will keep you all updated with regular updates throughout the week and how we manage the active ideas and setups. Thank you all for your likes, comments and follows, we really appreciate it!
Mr Gold
GoldViewFX
Gold (XAU/USD) Consolidating Within Symmetrical TriangleChart Analysis:
Gold is trading within a symmetrical triangle pattern, reflecting a phase of consolidation as price tightens between converging trendlines. The current price of $2,611.97 is near the middle of the range, with both upward and downward breakouts possible.
1️⃣ Symmetrical Triangle:
Price action is consolidating within the converging trendlines. A breakout above the upper boundary ($2,650) or below the lower boundary ($2,570) would provide the next directional clue.
2️⃣ Moving Averages:
50-day SMA (blue): Positioned at $2,667.53, acting as a dynamic resistance just above the triangle.
200-day SMA (red): Positioned at $2,477.51, providing long-term support well below current price levels.
3️⃣ Momentum Indicators:
RSI: At 44.34, trending slightly bearish but still neutral, indicating room for further movement in either direction.
MACD: Negative but flattening, signaling waning bearish momentum during consolidation.
What to Watch:
A breakout above the upper boundary of the triangle and the 50-day SMA could signal a bullish continuation, targeting prior highs near $2,750.
A breakdown below the lower boundary may lead to further declines toward the 200-day SMA near $2,477.
Gold is at a pivotal point, consolidating within a symmetrical triangle. A breakout in either direction will likely determine the next major move.
-MW
SPY/QQQ Plan Your Trade For 12/24/2024 : Rally111Please pay attention to this video. Today, I share some vital data related to how I plan on helping all of you become better traders in 2025 and what you need to do to try to improve your own trading results.
Trading is not gambling. It is not about throwing money at trends and hoping to catch a few winners.
Trading is about trying to time market trends when the best opportunities are ready for profits - then getting out of those opportunities as profits start to mature.
Trading is about honing your skills to be able to target 35% to 55% or more every 15 to 25+ days.
If you can do that efficiently every 15 to 25+ days, then you are SET.
You can turn $1000 into more than $300k in less than a year trading like that. Then, you can turn that $300k into more than $10 million in another year.
Can you imagine that happening to you and your family?
It is all about having the right tools, gaining proper knowledge and experience, and putting that to practice/use. And that is what I've been trying to teach you for the past 6+ months - the knowledge and skills to be able to see/time the biggest market moves.
I know many of you have followed me for many months. I appreciate all of you. Now, as we close out 2024, let's make a commitment to really focus on gaining the success we desire for ourselves and our families so we can enjoy 2025 as a better year.
I challenge all of you to a straightforward goal: Learn, Practice, Gain experience, and Execute better trades so you can grow your accounts and move into the "Trader Life" you have always desired.
Trade 2-4 times a day (when opportunity strikes) and try to grow your account by 35 to 55% every 15 to 25 days. That's all it takes.
Are you ready?
Get some.
#trading #research #investing #tradingalgos #tradingsignals #cycles #fibonacci #elliotwave #modelingsystems #stocks #bitcoin #btcusd #cryptos #spy #es #nq #gold
XAUUSD on the way to 2900 Price LevelThe currency pair in focus is XAU/USD, representing the exchange rate between gold (XAU) and the US Dollar (USD). The current price of XAU/USD is 2611, meaning one ounce of gold is valued at 2611 US Dollars. The target price is 2900, indicating a projected increase in gold's value to 2900 USD per ounce. The expected gain is 2000 pips, with each pip representing a small price movement in the currency pair. The pattern being observed is a Symmetrical Triangle, a chart formation that indicates a period of consolidation. In this pattern, the price moves between converging trendlines, suggesting that the market is uncertain and waiting for a breakout. A breakout occurs when the price breaks above the upper trendline or below the lower trendline, signaling a strong price movement. Traders are watching for this breakout, as it could push the price toward the target of 2900. The symmetrical triangle pattern typically leads to a significant price movement once the breakout occurs, making it a key technical indicator. This setup is used by traders to anticipate the direction of the next major move in the market.
GBPUSD on the way to 1.34The currency pair in focus is GBP/USD, representing the British Pound (GBP) and the US Dollar (USD). The current price of the pair is 1.25, meaning 1 British Pound is worth 1.25 US Dollars. The target price is 1.34, indicating an expected price movement to 1.34, where the British Pound will be worth 1.34 US Dollars. The gain in pips is 400, meaning the price is anticipated to rise by 400 pips, with each pip representing a small movement in the exchange rate. The strategy being followed is based on support and resistance levels, which are key concepts in technical analysis. Support refers to a price level where the pair tends to find buying interest, while resistance represents a price level where selling interest is typically strong. This suggests the pair has recently bounced from a support level and is approaching a resistance level. If the price breaks through the resistance, it could move toward the target price. The pattern of support and resistance helps traders identify potential entry and exit points, guiding them towards achieving the 400-pip gain. This strategy relies on observing price trends and historical levels of support and resistance to predict future price movements. Good Volume Expecting.
Will China's Game Redefine The Global Copper Paradigm?In the dynamic landscape of global commodities, copper emerges as a fascinating case study of economic interconnectedness and strategic policymaking. Recent developments have seen prices climb to $8,971.50 per metric ton, driven by China's bold $411 billion treasury bond initiative – a move that could reshape the metal's trajectory in international markets. This price movement, however, tells only part of a more complex story that challenges conventional market wisdom.
The interplay between supply fundamentals and geopolitical forces creates an intriguing narrative. While physical demand remains robust and Chinese inventories run low, the market grapples with a 19% decline from its May peak, highlighting the delicate balance between immediate market dynamics and broader economic forces. This tension is further amplified by the looming influence of potential U.S. trade policies under President-elect Trump's administration, adding another layer of complexity to an already multifaceted market equation.
Perhaps most compelling is the transformation of copper's role in the global economy. As traditional demand drivers like property construction show weakness, the metal's crucial position in the green energy transition offers a new frontier of opportunity. With electric vehicle sales continuing to break records and renewable energy infrastructure expanding, copper stands at the crossroads of old and new economic paradigms. This evolution, coupled with China's strategic stimulus measures and the market's response to supply-side developments, suggests that copper's story in 2025 and beyond will be one of adaptation, resilience, and strategic importance in the global economic landscape.
Gold fell and weakened
Gold fell after rising to 2790. The daily chart shows a descending triangle pattern, with the high point gradually moving down, and the overall trend is a five-wave decline at a high level. The lower support level of 2545 is the dividing line between long and short positions, and the upper level of 2720 forms a double top and falls back, and it rebounds near 2584.
In general, gold is in a trend of high-level shock and decline, with a short-term rebound and a small ascending triangle structure. In terms of operation, you can pay attention to the breakthrough of the triangle before trading. Short-term support is 2610 and resistance is 2635.
It is recommended to arrange short orders when breaking below 2610, and those who are conservative can wait for the price to rebound to 2630-2635 under pressure before going short. The downside targets are TP2605, TP2580, and TP2550, respectively, and the stop loss can be set at 2656 (breaking above the previous adjustment range).
12.23 Gold price fluctuates and seeks direction
Gold's overall technical outlook last Friday saw a roller-coaster ride of long and short shocks. After a continuous decline on Thursday, which fell below the 2600 mark the previous day, gold fluctuated slightly throughout the day and rebounded. The U.S. market experienced an acceleration in the breakthrough and breakthrough. Standing above the 2610 mark and continuing the bullish rebound, it It closed near 2622 on Friday. Gold was not strong after opening in early trading in Asia today. It is still too early for gold to say that the trend has reversed.
Gold has begun to fluctuate. There is no unilateral market trend for gold at the moment. Still a trading strategy of selling high and buying low. Gold is under pressure in the short term at 2638-42 and continues to be short. Gold focuses on the resistance near 2650, and the support of the 2600 first-line mark is the first focus below.
From the 4-hour analysis, today's short-term support is around 2610-08, with a focus on the support line of 2586-92, and the upper pressure is around 2638-42. The overall trading strategy is to maintain high short selling as the main transaction and low long buying as the auxiliary trading strategy based on this range. The main tone of cyclic participation remains unchanged. The middle position is always patiently waiting for cautious orders and patiently waiting for key points to enter the market.
Gold operation strategy:
1. Short sell gold at the rebound line of 2638-2642, stop loss 2651, target 2588-2593 line;
2. Buy gold at the retracement line of 2586-2593, stop loss 2575, target 2630-35 line;
Gold Price Consolidation and Breakout Analysis: Key Levels...
Gold Technical Analysis
The price is expected to consolidate between 2620 and 2605 until a breakout occurs. From 2620, Gold is likely to experience a bearish movement toward 2605. A 1-hour candle closing below 2605 will support further bearish momentum toward 2591 and 2585.
On the other hand, if a 4-hour candle closes above 2623, it will confirm bullish momentum, targeting 2638 and 2658.
Key Levels:
Pivot Point: 2620
Resistance Levels: 2635, 2645, 2653
Support Levels: 2605, 2591, 2558
Trend Outlook:
Bearish below 2620
Bullish above 2623
GOLD Will Fall! Short!
Take a look at our analysis for GOLD.
Time Frame: 8h
Current Trend: Bearish
Sentiment: Overbought (based on 7-period RSI)
Forecast: Bearish
The market is approaching a significant resistance area 2,618.93.
Due to the fact that we see a positive bearish reaction from the underlined area, I strongly believe that sellers will manage to push the price all the way down to 2,576.56 level.
P.S
Overbought describes a period of time where there has been a significant and consistent upward move in price over a period of time without much pullback.
Like and subscribe and comment my ideas if you enjoy them!
Gold is experiencing a massive sell-off, today's market analysisGold fluctuates in a wide range. The hourly chart forms a converging triangle. Pay attention to the range of 2603-2630 to buy low and sell high. The market will be closed early today on Christmas Eve and will be closed all day tomorrow.
Gold bulls are powerless, and the main market is still under the control of bears. The gold 1-hour chart hit 2633 twice and was blocked. Then the short-term gold has formed a double top. Gold may fall further. The gold moving average resistance now moves down to around 2632!
First support: 2608, second support: 2600, third support: 2588
First resistance: 2620, second resistance: 2632, third resistance: 2646
Trading strategy:
BUY: 2603-2601
SELL: 2628-2630
World gold prices slightly decreased as the USD increasedHowever, the precious metal is under some pressure as the dollar index rose sharply and US Treasury yields rose slightly.
The Conference Board reported on Monday that its US consumer confidence index fell to 104.7, down from a revised 112.8 in November. The reading was weaker than expected, with economists predicting the index would be largely unchanged.
“Expectations that consumer confidence would continue to recover were not realized in December, as the index fell back to its two-year average,” said Dana Peterson, chief economist at the Conference Board.
Gold is struggling to find its way amid the holiday lull, said James Hyerczyk, an analyst at FX Empire.
“The Federal Reserve’s hawkish stance and forecast of fewer rate cuts in 2025 are keeping gold under pressure. The precious metal will face key support tests during the holiday week
GOLD → Short to Medium-Term OutlookDear Traders, Ben here!
Recently, gold has been struggling to sustain its peak at $2,633. The bullish momentum for gold has been hindered by several factors, including the Fed's anticipated slowdown in the pace of interest rate cuts moving forward.
On the 1H chart, although the uptrend remains supported and the parallel channel has been broken, there are signs of a potential top forming around $2,633. The current support level stands at approximately $2,618. Should this level be breached, it could drive gold into a deeper decline, potentially reaching $2,603.
GOLD trading liquidity is low during the Christmas holidayAmid sluggish trading during the holiday season, OANDA:XAUUSD decreased slightly, dragged down by the strength of the US Dollar and high US Treasury bond yields. And the market needs to wait for clearer signals from the Federal Reserve's 2025 monetary policy.
Although the Federal Reserve cut interest rates by 25 basis points last week, this signaled fewer rate cuts in 2025, sending gold prices to their lowest since mid-month 11 last week.
While non-yielding gold benefits from the low interest rate environment, the market will need to readjust expectations for the year ahead.
The Federal Reserve's hawkish stance and fewer interest rate cuts in 2025 have weighed on gold prices, and gold will face pressure during the holiday week.
Interest rate cuts initially boosted gold prices, but the Fed's forecast of only two rate cuts by 2025 (down from four in September) sparked a sell-off that sent gold prices to lows. lowest since mid-November.
With economic data limited this week due to the Christmas holiday, gold prices are expected to remain in a tight range. Liquidity remains low, reducing volatility and keeping price action subdued.
Gold has hit multiple record highs this year and is up 27% year to date, its best annual gain since 2010, thanks to strong central bank buying, geopolitical tensions and monetary policy monetary easing by major banks.
President-elect Donald Trump will take office on January 20. The market is about to return to trading in a Donald Trump environment, we cannot forget the trading period when he was in office, how the market fluctuated with his emotions on each line.
Analysis of technical prospects for OANDA:XAUUSD
On the daily chart, gold continues to maintain activity below the confluence resistance area noted by readers in yesterday's publication at the upper price channel edge and the 0.618% Fibonacci level, to maintain the trend. main discount.
While the recovery has been limited, gold is also trading above the $2,613 technical level, and gold could fall a bit further with a target of around $2,591 as it is sold below $2,613.
The relative strength index (RSI) is operating below 50, which should be considered a negative signal for the trend of gold prices.
During the day, as long as gold remains below the EMA21, the upper price channel edge and the 0.618% Fibonacci, it remains inclined towards a bearish outlook with notable technical points listed as follows.
Support: 2,613 – 2,600 – 2,591USD
Resistance: 2,634 – 2,643USD
SELL XAUUSD PRICE 2646 - 2644⚡️
↠↠ Stoploss 2650
→Take Profit 1 2639
↨
→Take Profit 2 2634
BUY XAUUSD PRICE 2594 - 2596⚡️
↠↠ Stoploss 2590
→Take Profit 1 2601
↨
→Take Profit 2 2606
XAUUSD: 23/12 Market Analysis and StrategyGold technical analysis
Daily resistance 2660, support below 2580
Four-hour resistance 2650, support below 2600
Gold operation suggestions: Last Friday, the overall technical side of gold ushered in a wide range of long and short shocks. After the continuous decline and plunge on Thursday, the previous day, breaking the 2600 mark, it rebounded slightly throughout the day on Friday. It ushered in an accelerated high breakthrough before and after the US market and stood above the 2610 mark to continue the bullish rebound. It closed near 2622 last Friday. Today, gold opened in the Asian session and was not strong. It began to fluctuate. Gold has not had a unilateral market for the time being.
From the 4-hour analysis, today's short-term support below is around 2627, focusing on the 2600 first-line support, and the upper pressure is around 2650-60. It is bullish above the 2627 daily level long-short watershed. Because Christmas is coming soon, gold can be bought on dips.
BUY:2627near
BUY:2622near
Technical analysis only provides trading direction!
GOLD recovered quite strongly, falling after FOMCOn the Asian market today (Thursday, December 19), OANDA:XAUUSD Spot trading recovered strongly after a sharp decline in the previous trading day. Gold price reached its highest level at the time of writing at 2,618 USD/ounce, an increase of nearly 30 USD during the day.
The market will next receive US economic data, including final third-quarter GDP and weekly unemployment claims.
Market attention will then turn to Friday's release of the U.S. personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, the Fed's preferred inflation measure, which will boost the U.S.'s copper performance. US Dollar and gold in the short term.
FOMC
On Wednesday, the Federal Reserve cut interest rates as expected and predicted less policy easing in 2025. Federal Reserve Chairman Powell said the threshold for the next rate cut could be higher, which sent the US Dollar and US Treasury yields soaring, while at the same time, Gold fell more than 2% to a one-month low in trading on Wednesday.
Federal Reserve officials cut interest rates for a third straight time on Wednesday, but lowered their forecast for the number of rate cuts next year, signaling they are increasingly cautious about being able to reduce spending. How quickly does the loan cost?
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) voted 11-1 on Wednesday to lower the federal funds rate to a range of 4.25%-4.5%. Cleveland Fed President Beth Hammack voted against, in favor of keeping interest rates unchanged.
In the FOMC policy statement, Fed officials noted that economic activity continued to expand at a solid pace. Labor market conditions have generally eased since the beginning of this year, with the unemployment rate rising but remaining low. Inflation has made progress toward the committee's 2% target but remains high.
The new Dotplot chart shows some officials expect fewer interest rate cuts next year than they estimated just a few months ago. Fed officials currently expect the benchmark interest rate to be between 3.75% - 4% by the end of 2025, which, according to the median estimate, would mean two rate cuts of 25 points each. basic.
Jerome Powell
The Fed will cut interest rates only twice next year amid rising inflation, according to Fed Chairman Jerome Powell, a forecast consistent with Trump's wait-and-see approach when he returned to the White House in January.
Powell said Fed policymakers want to see more progress in reducing inflation when considering future rate-cutting strategies.
US federal funds rate futures have reflected that the Federal Reserve will leave its benchmark overnight interest rate unchanged at its policy meeting on January 28-29 next year.
Analysis of technical prospects for OANDA:XAUUSD
Thus, gold has enough conditions to decrease in price after falling below the 0.618% Fibonacci level and bringing price activity back below the EMA21 moving average, with a sudden impact from fundamental factors.
In the short term, although gold recovered from the 0.786% Fibonacci retracement level at $2,591, which was the bearish target noted by previous readers, it could still continue to decline further with a target around $2,538. . When the Relative Strength Index dropped below the 50 mark and was quite far from the oversold area, it showed that there is still plenty of room for price decline ahead.
During the day, gold price increases as long as they do not surpass the 0.618% Fibonacci level and EMA21 should only be considered short-term recovery.
Along with that, the downward trend in gold prices will be noticed again by the following technical levels.
Support: 2,591 – 2,552 – 2,538USD
Resistance: 2,624 – 2,634USD
SELL XAUUSD PRICE 2635 - 2633⚡️
↠↠ Stoploss 2639
→Take Profit 1 2628
↨
→Take Profit 2 2623
BUY XAUUSD PRICE 2549 - 2551⚡️
↠↠ Stoploss 2546
→Take Profit 1 2556
↨
→Take Profit 2 2561
XAUUSD H1 I Bearish Reversal Based on the H1 chart analysis, we can see that the price is rising toward our sell entry at 2620.44, which is a pullback resistance aligning with a 50% FIbo retracement.
Our take profit will be at 2600, an overlap support level.
The stop loss will be placed at 2636.34, a pullback resistance level.
High Risk Investment Warning
Trading Forex/CFDs on margin carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. Leverage can work against you.
Stratos Markets Limited (www.fxcm.com):
CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 68% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
Silver H4 | Rising into pullback resistanceSilver (XAG/USD) is rising towards a pullback resistance and could potentially reverse off this level to drop lower.
Sell entry is at 30.15 which is a pullback resistance that aligns with a 38.2% Fibonacci retracement.
Stop loss is at 30.84 which is a level that sits above the 50.0% Fibonacci retracement and an overlap resistance.
Take profit is at 28.80 which is a swing-low support.
High Risk Investment Warning
Trading Forex/CFDs on margin carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. Leverage can work against you.
Stratos Markets Limited (www.fxcm.com):
CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 64% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
Stratos Europe Ltd (www.fxcm.com):
CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 66% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
Stratos Trading Pty. Limited (www.fxcm.com):
Trading FX/CFDs carries significant risks. FXCM AU (AFSL 309763), please read the Financial Services Guide, Product Disclosure Statement, Target Market Determination and Terms of Business at www.fxcm.com
Stratos Global LLC (www.fxcm.com):
Losses can exceed deposits.
Please be advised that the information presented on TradingView is provided to FXCM (‘Company’, ‘we’) by a third-party provider (‘TFA Global Pte Ltd’). Please be reminded that you are solely responsible for the trading decisions on your account. There is a very high degree of risk involved in trading. Any information and/or content is intended entirely for research, educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute investment or consultation advice or investment strategy. The information is not tailored to the investment needs of any specific person and therefore does not involve a consideration of any of the investment objectives, financial situation or needs of any viewer that may receive it. Kindly also note that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking or past performance statements. We assume no liability as to the accuracy or completeness of any of the information and/or content provided herein and the Company cannot be held responsible for any omission, mistake nor for any loss or damage including without limitation to any loss of profit which may arise from reliance on any information supplied by TFA Global Pte Ltd.
The speaker(s) is neither an employee, agent nor representative of FXCM and is therefore acting independently. The opinions given are their own, constitute general market commentary, and do not constitute the opinion or advice of FXCM or any form of personal or investment advice. FXCM neither endorses nor guarantees offerings of third party speakers, nor is FXCM responsible for the content, veracity or opinions of third-party speakers, presenters or participants.