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Trading-signals

ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN BACKTESTINGTesting trading strategies is essential for assessing their effectiveness based on historical market data. It allows traders to gain insights into how a strategy would perform under real market conditions, identify necessary adjustments, and understand various influencing factors. For instance, it can reveal how news releases impact trading outcomes or how a gradual increase in position volume can help recover losses. In this post, we will explore the most important criteria for effective testing. Criteria for Testing Strategies on Historical Data 📍 1. Reliability and Quality of Historical Data Accurate and comprehensive historical market data is crucial for effective testing. Any errors or omissions in the quotes can significantly skew the results. For instance, if there is a missing entry for a day that experienced a spike, the absence of this data could misrepresent the strategy's performance. This missing information might conceal a stop-loss trade that closed at a loss, ultimately distorting the yield curve and leading to misleading conclusions. What to Consider: 🔹 Data Quality: It’s essential to use verified data sources that minimize errors and lag. Ideally, obtain quotes directly from your broker. If you are testing your strategy on third-party platforms, consider using data from TradingView. 🔹 Depth of History: The data should encompass a significant time period that includes various market conditions, such as trends, consolidations, and different volatility levels. For scalping strategies, a minimum of one year of data is recommended, while long-term strategies should be tested on data spanning more than three years. 🔹 Tick Accuracy: For high-frequency trading and scalping, having tick-level data is crucial. Conversely, for medium-term strategies, candlestick closing data may suffice. The price history is sourced from your broker and may vary from the histories provided by other brokers due to differing liquidity providers. However, there should not be substantial discrepancies or noticeable gaps in the data. 📍 2. Reality of Order Execution When testing a trading strategy using historical data, it's important to recognize that real trading differs significantly from backtesting: 🔹 Variable Spread: The spread can fluctuate based on market volatility, the time of day, or significant news events. It's essential to account for changing spreads during testing rather than relying on fixed values in your settings. 🔹 Slippage: Orders may be executed at prices different from the expected level, particularly in volatile markets or when liquidity is low. 🔹 Execution Delay : A delay may occur between the submission of an order and its actual execution, especially in fast-moving markets. The key issue is that in a strategy tester, orders are executed instantly, whereas real trading involves slippage, server delays, and other factors. This can lead to discrepancies of several points. Therefore, it's advisable to establish a percentage deviation parameter to estimate the potential difference between the test results and real trading outcomes, leaning towards the conservative side. Alternatively, you can test the strategy under various spread conditions and analyze how performance metrics and the equity curve are affected by changes in the spread. 📍 3. Accounting for Commissions and Costs Even a strategy that demonstrates positive results in a backtesting environment can become unprofitable once real trading costs are factored in: 🔹 Broker Commissions: It is crucial to consider the fixed or variable commissions charged by the broker for each trade. Some strategy testers allow you to integrate commission parameters; if that's not the case, you should manually subtract these costs from the profit for each full lot traded. 🔹 Spread: The spread can widen during periods of low liquidity, which can significantly impact profitability. Some testers include spread parameters, but others may not. 🔹 Swaps: Swap rates can vary drastically between brokers, and it’s important to remember that they can be substantial, particularly when held overnight due to rollover rates. The core issue lies in the limitations of the testing software. If your tester does not account for floating spreads and swaps, it may be worth exploring alternative options. 📍 4. Optimization and Over-Optimization of the Strategy While strategy testing is essential, it can lead to over-optimization, also known as data fitting. A strategy that appears perfect for historical data might not perform effectively in real market conditions. To mitigate this risk, consider the following: 🔹 Avoid Deep Ad Hoc Parameter Fitting: Over-optimizing too many parameters for historical data can significantly reduce a strategy's robustness in live trading environments. A strategy that is fine-tuned solely for past performance may fail when faced with the unpredictability of future market conditions. 🔹 Use Forward Testing: This approach involves testing a strategy on one timeframe and then applying it to a different timeframe. This method can help prevent over-optimization by assessing the strategy's adaptability across various market conditions. The key takeaway is achieving balance. Attempting to utilize numerous indicators simultaneously and fine-tuning their values extensively can lead to problems. If you have adjusted parameters based on a selective set of trades (let’s say, a 15-trade segment), it’s likely that you will need to readjust for different segments. 📍 5. Testing Under Different Market Conditions To ensure comprehensive evaluation, a trading strategy should be tested under various market conditions: 🔹 Trend and Range Markets: It’s essential to verify that the strategy performs effectively during periods of strong trending markets as well as in sideways (range-bound) movements. A robust strategy should be adaptable to both scenarios. 🔹 Volatility: The strategy should be assessed across different volatility levels. While it might perform well in low-volatility environments, it may struggle or become unprofitable during sharp market movements. Testing across diverse volatility conditions is crucial for understanding the strategy's resilience. 🔹 Macroeconomic Events: Significant economic factors, such as news releases and central bank decisions, can greatly impact market behavior. Therefore, it’s important to test the strategy over timeframes that include these critical events to gauge its performance in response to external shocks. By thoroughly testing across these varying conditions, traders can better understand the strategy’s strengths and weaknesses, leading to more informed trading decisions. 📍 6. Stress Testing Stress testing is a crucial process for assessing the sustainability and resilience of a trading strategy under adverse conditions. Consider the following factors during stress testing: 🔹 Falling Liquidity: Evaluate how the strategy performs during scenarios of sharply reduced market liquidity. Understanding its behavior in these situations is vital, as low liquidity can lead to wider spreads and slippage, affecting trade execution and overall performance. 🔹 Price Spikes: Assess the strategy's response to unexpected price changes, such as those triggered by significant news events (e.g., interest rate announcements). Observing how the strategy reacts to rapid market movements helps gauge its robustness in volatile conditions. 🔹 Crisis Events: Testing the strategy against data from historical financial crises can provide insight into its resilience during extreme market conditions. For instance, analyzing performance during the 2008/2020 financial crisis or the market disruptions caused by geopolitical events (such as the 2022 war) can reveal potential weaknesses and strengths. 📍 7. Analyzing Strategy Metrics After conducting tests on your trading strategy, it is essential to analyze the results through key performance metrics. The following metrics provide valuable insights into the strategy's effectiveness and risk profile: 🔹 Maximum Drawdown: This measures the maximum peak-to-trough decline in funds during the testing period. A lower drawdown indicates a less risky strategy, as it shows how much the capital could potentially decrease before recovering. 🔹 Risk/Profit Ratio: This metric assesses the profit generated for every dollar at risk. A favorable risk/profit ratio indicates that the potential rewards justify the risks taken, making the strategy more appealing. 🔹 Percentage of Profitable Trades: While the sheer number of profitable trades is important, it's equally crucial to analyze the ratio of profitable trades to losing trades. A higher percentage signifies a consistently effective strategy, but it should also be evaluated in conjunction with other metrics. 🔹 Average Profit/Loss: This metric calculates the average profit of winning trades and the average loss of losing trades. Understanding these averages helps to contextualize the strategy’s overall performance and can guide adjustments to improve outcomes. 📍 Conclusion There is no one-size-fits-all algorithm or set of criteria for testing trading systems. Each strategy has unique characteristics that require tailored evaluation methods. However, there are general recommendations that should be considered when assessing any type of trading strategy. Gaining an understanding of parameter selection and optimization comes with experience. It is advisable to first gather this experience on a demo account by running a strategy that has been fine-tuned in a testing environment. However, it’s important to note that testing environments may not replicate real market conditions accurately—issues such as price delays and slippage can significantly affect trade execution in live markets. Thus, when transitioning from a demo account to a real account, continuous monitoring is essential. Traders should keep track of statistical parameters and be vigilant for any deviations from the outcomes observed during testing. This oversight will help ensure better alignment with the strategy’s expected performance and provide an opportunity to make necessary adjustments in response to changing market conditions. Traders, If you liked this educational post🎓, give it a boost 🚀 and drop a comment 📣
Education
by Lingrid
4
EURNZD Will Explode! BUY! My dear subscribers, EURNZD looks like it will make a good move, and here are the details: The market is trading on 1.7753 pivot level. Bias - Bullish My Stop Loss - 1.7708 Technical Indicators: Both Super Trend & Pivot HL indicate a highly probable Bullish continuation. Target - 1.7825 About Used Indicators: The average true range (ATR) plays an important role in 'Supertrend' as the indicator uses ATR to calculate its value. The ATR indicator signals the degree of price volatility. ——————————— WISH YOU ALL LUCK
Long
by AnabelSignals
2
USDCHF The Target Is UP! BUY! My dear friends, Please, find my technical outlook for USDCHF below: The instrument tests an important psychological level 0.8480 Bias - Bullish Technical Indicators: Supper Trend gives a precise Bullish signal, while Pivot Point HL predicts price changes and potential reversals in the market. Target - 0.8493 About Used Indicators: Super-trend indicator is more useful in trending markets where there are clear uptrends and downtrends in price. ——————————— WISH YOU ALL LUCK
Long
by AnabelSignals
1
SPY Buyers In Panic! SELL! My dear friends, SPY looks like it will make a good move, and here are the details: The market is trading on 568.10 pivot level. Bias - Bearish Technical Indicators: Supper Trend generates a clear short signal while Pivot Point HL is currently determining the overall Bearish trend of the market. Goal - 557.14 About Used Indicators: Pivot points are a great way to identify areas of support and resistance, but they work best when combined with other kinds of technical analysis ——————————— WISH YOU ALL LUCK
AMEX:SPYShort
by AnabelSignals
1
GBPUSD Under Pressure! SELL! My dear friends, GBPUSD looks like it will make a good move, and here are the details: The market is trading on 1.3273 pivot level. Bias - Bearish Technical Indicators: Supper Trend generates a clear short signal while Pivot Point HL is currently determining the overall Bearish trend of the market. Goal - 1.3177 Recommended Stop Loss - 1.3331 About Used Indicators: Pivot points are a great way to identify areas of support and resistance, but they work best when combined with other kinds of technical analysis ——————————— WISH YOU ALL LUCK
Short
by AnabelSignals
2
GOLD My Opinion! SELL! My dear friends, Please, find my technical outlook for GOLD below: The price is coiling around a solid key level - 2583.0 Bias - Bearish Technical Indicators: Pivot Points Low anticipates a potential price reversal. Super trend shows a clear sell, giving a perfect indicators' convergence. Goal - 2549.8 Safe Stop Loss - 2601.9 About Used Indicators: The pivot point itself is simply the average of the high, low and closing prices from the previous trading day. ——————————— WISH YOU ALL LUCK
OANDA:XAUUSDShort
by AnabelSignals
1
THE SILENT EXODUS: EXPLORING WHY TRADERS ABANDON THE MARKETSMarketing serves as a powerful catalyst, attracting millions of newcomers to trading each year, many of whom quickly incur losses, much to the delight of brokers. In most instances, these losses can be attributed to the traders themselves. Regulators make efforts to warn those seeking quick profits, often highlighting disclaimers on the home pages of nearly every broker's website. However, this doesn’t deter many individuals from entering the market. While it is true that after a few weeks or months, many traders abandon trading entirely, only a small percentage of those who leave ever return. Many are familiar with the statistic that suggests 90% of traders lose 90% of their money within just 90 days. This striking figure underscores the challenges and risks associated with trading. 📍 TRADING OR EMPLOYMENT "Start working for yourself" This rallying cry echoes through countless videos, books, and articles focused on financial independence, self-motivation, and personal development. The benefits of self-employment are numerous: You’re free from the pressures of management, which often comes with constant demands and can dampen your spirit with their dissatisfaction. You’re not bound by a rigid work schedule, allowing you to take breaks whenever you need without the hassle of requesting time off. There’s no obligation to adhere to corporate dress codes or behavioral standards. You can prioritize your health by taking breaks as needed, rather than pushing yourself to the limit. You save precious time by eliminating lengthy commutes, rather than spending two hours traveling to and from work. You can enjoy peace of mind without the constant worry of being fired at any moment. You have the freedom to manage your own time and control your income. A self-employed individual tends to be optimistic about the future, believing that they can shape it to perfection. Trading is one pathway to achieving financial independence, and one of its main advantages is that you can start with just $1000 and a few hours of dedicated practice after work. However, in reality, many experience disappointment as the challenges of trading become apparent. 📍 1. FREEDOM COMES WITH RESPONSIBILITY After experiencing initial setbacks, a trader soon realizes: 🔹 There is no guarantee of a consistent income in trading; instead, there's a significant risk of loss. In a traditional job, a paycheck is typically guaranteed. 🔹 Achieving a stable income through trading requires hard work and dedication—it relies entirely on your own efforts. Contrast this with a job where you could occasionally slack off or take smoke breaks without any impact on your salary. 🔹 The cost of a mistake in trading is your own money. In a job, salary cuts are rare, and while management might voice their frustrations, you can often tolerate the pressure. 🔹 Financial discipline becomes paramount. While it’s possible to ask for time off, arrive late, or take it easy in a corporate job and still receive your salary, in trading, laziness directly correlates with diminished returns. The more you slack off, the less you earn. 📍 2. SELF-MOTIVATION One of the greatest challenges of being self-employed, particularly in trading, is the imperative to motivate oneself consistently. It requires discipline to wake up at a set time instead of indulging in the comfort of staying in bed until late morning. The allure of self-employment often leads to a false sense of freedom, allowing procrastination to seep in with thoughts like, “I’ll sleep just one more day and start fresh tomorrow.” This mentality can be tempting, especially when there are no immediate consequences to breaking your own schedule. In a traditional job, the structure is clear—if you fail to adhere to a timetable, you risk disciplinary action or even losing your job. In contrast, self-employment can foster a more relaxed approach, where late starts and distractions like binge-watching TV shows can take precedence over important tasks. However, this path can lead the self-employed individual back to where they started—feeling subdued by the very freedom they sought. Without external accountability, the trader might find themselves floundering, lacking the motivation to push through challenging days. Ultimately, the responsibility falls solely on them to create a routine, set goals, and maintain the drive necessary to succeed. In this realm, it becomes essential to cultivate self-discipline, transforming the vibrant freedom of self-employment into a powerful engine for productivity rather than a pathway back to the constraints of traditional employment. 📍 3. FAILURE TO STOP IN TIME Another extreme in self-employment occurs when individuals become so absorbed in their work that they risk burnout. The overwhelming workload can render the structured environment of a previous job seem like a utopia, where the stress was lower and work hours were clearly defined. In this state, income becomes the sole motivation to continue. If the financial rewards from trading are only slightly above a previous salary—especially when weighed against the stress and exhaustion—many traders may find themselves reconsidering a return to traditional employment. This highlights the necessity of establishing boundaries and prioritizing self-care. Striking a balance between professional ambitions and personal well-being is critical for sustained success and happiness in self-employment. 📍 4. EMOTIONAL BREAKDOWNS Emotional breakdowns can arise as a consequence of stress, heavily influenced by an individual’s previous work experiences. For someone coming from a job filled with constant stress and pressure, trading may initially feel like a liberating and fulfilling pursuit. However, if their prior role was calm and unchallenging, the high-stakes nature of trading—marked by significant risks and rapid decision-making—can lead to overwhelming emotional strain. The stark contrast between their past work environment and the volatility of trading may trigger anxiety and emotional instability. This highlights the importance of understanding one's emotional resilience and stress tolerance before diving into a high-pressure endeavor like trading. Acknowledging these differences is crucial to managing stress and preventing emotional breakdowns in the pursuit of success. 📍 IS THERE A WAY OUT? Many traders leave the field due to their inability to acknowledge mistakes, manage time effectively, and take personal accountability. The pressure of sole responsibility can be overwhelming, causing their trading endeavors to falter. In a traditional job, it’s easy to attribute failures to external factors such as a boss, colleagues, or economic conditions. Similarly, in trading, one might blame brokers or market fluctuations. However, losses are inevitable, and without self-reflection, traders often label the profession a “scam” and revert to their previous roles. The core issue lies in the perception of comfort. In trading, comfort is subjective and often equates to a personal sense of responsibility. If you are willing to own your decisions and embrace the challenges, then trading can be rewarding. Conversely, if comfort for you means avoiding responsibility and sticking to a structured environment, trading may not be the right choice. Ultimately, understanding your own expectations and readiness for accountability is crucial for success in trading. 📍 CONCLUSION Many insights seem self-evident, yet traders often overlook them until they face these realities firsthand. The information presented in this post may appear straightforward, but beginners frequently dismiss these truths, clinging to the hope that the challenges of trading will somehow lessen over time. If you are embarking on your trading journey, it's essential to recognize that trading is hard work. Be prepared to invest significant time and effort into learning and gaining experience. It is crucial to set realistic expectations and understand that, especially in the initial stages, your focus should be on education and skill development rather than seeking immediate profits. Allow yourself at least the first six months of intensive study before considering trading with real money. Embracing this approach will not only equip you with the necessary knowledge but also help build a sustainable foundation for your trading career. Traders, If you liked this educational post🎓, give it a boost 🚀 and drop a comment 📣
Education
by Lingrid
2