The dance between the USDZAR and (ZA10Y - US10Y)The chart shows the relationship between the USDZAR and the yield differential between the SA 10-year and the US 10-year (ZA10Y – US10Y).
2025 has been a wild ride for the rand and it has managed to put up a remarkable recovery in the 2Q2025 but where to now for the pair? The pair has not traded below the 200-week MA currently at 17.62, since the March 2022 just before the global rate hiking cycle. The only previous times the pair traded below this moving average was briefly in 2021 before the June/July riots in SA and during the “Ramaphoria” period in 2018.
The 200-week MA also coincides with the 38.2% Fibo retracement from the low in 2021. A brief break below these two support levels will allow the pair to fall onto the 50% Fibo retracement level at 16.62. The yield differential is however suggesting that the rand may not have much room to pull the pair too far below the 200-week MA. The brief break below the 5.00% during December 2024 and January 2025 was a bit of an anomaly given the volatility in the US bond market and I still believe 5.00% is a hard support for the yield differential. A bottom out of the yield differential could see it rise higher towards 7.50% which will be rand negative should the positive correlation hold.
To summarise, the yield differential is suggesting that the rand’s 2Q2025 recovery may be on its last legs but a break below the 200-week MA will allow the rand to pull the pair towards 16.50. I don't see the rand maintaining levels below 16.50 and this level seems like a long-term floor for the pair before another 5-wave impulse to the topside.
Historical trend analysis:
The SA rand is one of the most attractive emerging market currencies due to the carry trade appeal of the currency coupled with SA’s deep and liquid bond market. During periods when there is significant buying pressure on SA bonds, the SA yields will decrease meaning that the yield differential (ZA10Y-US10Y) decreases while in periods when SA bonds are selling off, yields on SA bonds will increase which increases the yield differential, citrus paribus. The USDZAR pair is thus positively correlated with this yield differential.
The chart goes back to 2018 when the USDZAR hit a low of 11.50 following the period dubbed the “Ramaphoria” period. Investor sentiment swinged aggressively positive in this period and the flow of international funds into the SA bond market saw the yield differential drop to a low around 5.00%. The yeld differential has never dropped below this level until early 2025 as indicated on the chart.
The yield differential and the USDZAR pair moved in tandem all the way through to the 1Q2022, maintaining its strong positive correlation. The next period marked the start of the global hiking cycle which saw the US 10-year yield rise from a low of 1.65% in March 2022 to a high of 5.00% in October 2023. This aggressive rise in US 10-year yields marked a period of extensive risk off sentiment and even caused a US banking crises in March 2023. The Fed stepped in and briefly paused their QT to add liquidity to system and provided the US banking system with the bank term funding program to patch up the cracks. The rand sold off due to risk off investor sentiment while the US 10-year yield rose due to the start of the rate hiking cycle which reduced the yield differential. The USDZAR climbed to a high of 19.90 in May 2023 while the yield differential dropped to a low of 7.50%. The yield differential continued to fall until the US 10-year yield topped out at 5.00% in October 2023, after which the positive correlation between the USDZAR and the yield differential was restored.
The next period marked positive sentiment towards SA following the election results and the formation on the government on national unity (GNU). Coupled with the end to the rate hiking cycle, the rand had the wind and risk on investor sentiment in its sails which allowed the rand to pull the pair to a low of 17.03. The optimism of the GNU and the realisation on another Trump presidency however saw the pair bottom out in September 2024. During the last quarter of 2024 the rand experienced sustained selling pressure while the yield differential continued to fall. The break in correlation was largely due to the US10-year yield climbing from 3.60% in September 2024 to a high of 4.80% in January 2025.
