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Fundamental Analysis

Behind the Curtain: Economic Indicators Shaping Corn Futures1: Introduction Corn Futures (ZC), traded on the CME, play a vital role in global markets, particularly in the agriculture and food industries. As a commodity with widespread applications, Corn Futures are influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging from seasonal weather patterns to broader economic trends. Understanding these influences is critical for traders seeking to navigate the market effectively. In this article, we leverage machine learning, specifically a Random Forest Regressor, to identify key economic indicators that have historically correlated with Corn Futures' price changes. By analyzing daily, weekly, and monthly timeframes, we aim to provide a clearer picture of how these indicators potentially shape market behavior and offer actionable insights for traders. The findings are presented through visual graphs highlighting the top economic indicators across different timeframes. These insights can help traders fine-tune their strategies, whether for short-term speculation or long-term investment. 2: Understanding the Key Economic Indicators Economic indicators provide a glimpse into various facets of the economy, influencing commodity markets such as Corn Futures. Using the Random Forest model, the following indicators emerged as significant for Corn Futures on different timeframes: Daily Timeframe: Oil Import Price Index: Reflects the cost of importing crude oil, impacting energy costs in agriculture, such as fuel for equipment and transportation. Durable Goods Orders: Tracks demand for goods expected to last three years or more, often signaling broader economic activity that can influence commodity demand. Natural Gas Prices: Critical for the production of fertilizers, which directly impacts corn farming costs. Weekly Timeframe: China GDP Growth Rate: Indicates global demand trends, as China is a major consumer of agricultural products. Housing Starts: Reflects construction activity, indirectly influencing economic stability and consumer behavior. Corporate Bond Spread (BAA - 10Y): A measure of credit risk that can signal changes in business investment and economic uncertainty. Monthly Timeframe: Retail Sales (YoY): Gauges consumer spending trends, a crucial driver of demand for corn-based products. Initial Jobless Claims: Acts as a measure of labor market health, influencing disposable income and consumption patterns. Nonfarm Productivity: Indicates economic efficiency and growth, impacting broader market trends. By understanding these indicators, traders can interpret their implications on Corn Futures more effectively. 3: How to Use This Information The timeframes for these indicators provide unique perspectives for different trading styles: Daily Traders: Indicators like the Oil Import Price Index and Natural Gas Prices, which are highly sensitive to short-term changes, are valuable for high-frequency trading strategies. Daily traders can monitor these to anticipate intraday price movements in Corn Futures. Swing Traders (Weekly): Weekly indicators, such as the China GDP Growth Rate or Housing Starts, help identify intermediate-term trends. Swing traders can align their positions with these macroeconomic signals for trades lasting several days or weeks. Long-Term Traders (Monthly): Monthly indicators, such as Retail Sales and Nonfarm Productivity, provide insights into overarching economic trends. Long-term traders can use these to assess demand-side factors impacting Corn Futures over extended periods. Additionally, traders can enhance their strategies by overlaying these indicators with seasonal patterns in Corn Futures, as weather-related supply shifts often coincide with economic factors. 4: Applications for Risk Management Understanding the relationship between economic indicators and Corn Futures also plays a critical role in risk management. Here are several ways to apply these insights: Refining Entry and Exit Points: By correlating Corn Futures with specific indicators, traders can potentially time their entries and exits more effectively. For example, a sharp rise in the Oil Import Price Index might signal increased production costs, potentially pressuring corn prices downward. Diversifying Trading Strategies: Leveraging daily, weekly, and monthly indicators allows traders to adapt their strategies across timeframes. Short-term volatility from energy prices can complement long-term stability signals from broader economic metrics like GDP Growth. Mitigating Uncertainty: Tracking indicators such as Corporate Bond Spreads can provide early warnings of economic instability, helping traders hedge their Corn Futures positions with other assets or options. Seasonal Hedging: Combining indicator-based insights with seasonal trends in Corn Futures can enhance risk-adjusted returns. For instance, aligning hedging strategies with both economic and weather-related factors could reduce downside exposure. 5: Conclusion The analysis highlights how diverse economic indicators shape Corn Futures prices across multiple timeframes. From daily volatility influenced by energy costs to long-term trends driven by consumer spending and productivity, each indicator provides unique insights into market dynamics. Traders can use this framework not only for Corn Futures but also for other commodities, enabling a more data-driven approach to trading. The combination of machine learning and economic analysis presents opportunities to refine strategies and improve outcomes in the competitive world of futures trading. Stay tuned for the next article in this series, where we delve into another futures market and its relationship with key economic indicators. When charting futures, the data provided could be delayed. Traders working with the ticker symbols discussed in this idea may prefer to use CME Group real-time data plan on TradingView: www.tradingview.com - This consideration is particularly important for shorter-term traders, whereas it may be less critical for those focused on longer-term trading strategies. General Disclaimer: The trade ideas presented herein are solely for illustrative purposes forming a part of a case study intended to demonstrate key principles in risk management within the context of the specific market scenarios discussed. These ideas are not to be interpreted as investment recommendations or financial advice. They do not endorse or promote any specific trading strategies, financial products, or services. The information provided is based on data believed to be reliable; however, its accuracy or completeness cannot be guaranteed. Trading in financial markets involves risks, including the potential loss of principal. Each individual should conduct their own research and consult with professional financial advisors before making any investment decisions. The author or publisher of this content bears no responsibility for any actions taken based on the information provided or for any resultant financial or other losses.
CBOT:ZC1!Education
by traddictiv
Trading Forex vs Stock CFDs: Differences and AdvantagesTrading Forex vs Stock CFDs: Differences and Advantages Forex and stock markets are two of the most popular options for traders, each offering unique opportunities and challenges. While forex focuses on trading global currency pairs, stocks involve buying and selling shares of companies. Understanding their differences—from market size and liquidity to trading costs and risk—can help traders choose the market that best suits their strategy. Let’s break down the key differences between forex and stocks. What Is Forex Trading vs Stock Trading? Let us start with some general information that you may already know. The forex market revolves around trading currency pairs, such as EUR/USD, and operates globally, making it the largest financial market with a daily turnover exceeding $7.5 trillion (April 2022). It’s decentralised, meaning transactions occur directly between participants across time zones, with no single central exchange. In contrast, the stock market involves buying and selling shares of publicly listed companies, like Tesla or Nvidia, through centralised exchanges such as the NYSE or LSE. Trading hours are fixed and tied to each exchange’s location, creating more defined trading windows. Forex markets are driven by macroeconomic events and international factors, while stocks are mostly influenced by company-specific developments like earnings reports and industry trends. In this article, we will talk about Contracts for Difference (CFD) trading. To explore live forex and stock CFD trading opportunities, head over to FXOpen’s free TickTrader platform. Forex vs Stock Trading: Market Accessibility and Trading Hours One of the most important differences between forex and stock markets is their structure and timings. Forex: Open 24/5 The forex market operates 24 hours a day, five days a week, cycling through major trading sessions in Sydney, Tokyo, London, and New York. This continuous nature allows traders to react to global events in real-time, whether it’s midday in the UK or midnight in Asia. For example, a trader monitoring the London session can seamlessly transition into the New York session without waiting for markets to reopen. Stocks: Fixed Timeframes Stock trading is tied to the operating hours of centralised exchanges. For example, the NYSE runs from 9:30 am to 4:00 pm EST, while the LSE operates from 8:00 am to 4:30 pm GMT. This also applies to stock CFDs. Outside of these hours, activity is limited to pre- and post-market trading, which typically sees lower liquidity and higher spreads. Conclusion Forex provides flexibility for traders who value around-the-clock access, while stock traders need to plan their activity within set hours. This makes forex especially appealing to those with unconventional schedules or a need for an immediate market response. Trading Stocks vs Forex: Market Size and Liquidity The size and liquidity of a market dictate how efficiently trades are executed and at what cost. Forex and stock trading differs significantly in these areas. Forex: The $7.5 Trillion Giant The forex market stands as the largest in the financial world, with daily trading volumes exceeding $7.5 trillion (April, 2022). This immense size ensures high liquidity in many pairs, meaning they can be traded almost instantly with minimal price slippage. Tight spreads—often as low as fractions of a pip—make forex particularly attractive to traders seeking frequent, precise entries and exits. Stocks: Liquidity Highly Varies The stock market is smaller and is subject to more complicated factors, therefore, traders may suffer when opening and closing trades. First, stock liquidity highly depends on the company and its trading volume. Blue-chip stocks like Apple or BP typically offer high liquidity, which contributes to smooth transactions with competitive spreads. However, smaller, less-traded stocks may suffer from wider spreads and slower execution, particularly during market volatility. Second, trading hours affect market liquidity, making it challenging to trade before and after market close. Conclusion Forex’s unmatched liquidity mainly ensures consistent trade execution across major pairs. In contrast, stock traders must carefully choose assets to avoid issues with low liquidity, especially when trading small caps or during off-peak hours. Forex vs Stocks: Volatility and Price Drivers High volatility creates opportunities for traders by producing price swings that can be capitalised on. However, the factors driving these movements differ significantly between forex and stocks. Forex: Global Events and Macro Trends Forex volatility is often driven by large-scale economic and geopolitical events. Central bank interest rate decisions, employment data, inflation reports, and geopolitical tensions can cause significant price shifts. For instance, a hawkish Federal Reserve announcement can lead to USD appreciation against other currencies. Currency pairs also experience varying levels of volatility depending on their classification. Major pairs like EUR/USD tend to be less volatile than exotic pairs such as USD/ZAR, where price swings can be much more dramatic due to lower liquidity and heightened economic risks. Stocks: Company-Specific Drivers Stock volatility is more granular, often linked to specific companies. Earnings reports, mergers, leadership changes, or industry news can move a single stock significantly. Broader market trends, such as sector-wide sentiment shifts, can also drive volatility, but these are secondary to company-specific factors. For example, Tesla’s earnings announcement can cause sharp movements in its share price without impacting other automakers. Conclusion Forex volatility is broader and influenced by global macroeconomic trends, while stocks are typically driven by isolated, company-specific events. This distinction makes forex appealing for traders focusing on macro analysis and technical patterns, whereas stock traders often blend fundamental company research with broader market trends to identify trading opportunities. Forex Trading vs Stock Trading: Trading Costs and Leverage Trading costs and leverage significantly impact a trader’s strategy and potential returns. And choosing between trading stocks or forex is no exception. Forex: Potentially Low Costs and High Leverage Forex may provide opportunities for lower-cost trading, with fees paid via commissions and spreads. For instance, forex commissions at FXOpen start at $1.50 per lot, depending on account size. Spreads are usually tight for major pairs like EUR/USD, making costs relatively low. At FXOpen, you can trade with spreads from 0.0 pips. Forex offers significantly higher leverage compared to stocks. While this allows traders to operate with smaller capital, it requires disciplined risk management to avoid significant losses. Stocks: Higher Costs, Lower Leverage Stock trading via CFDs typically incurs higher costs compared to forex, with commissions charged per trade or embedded in spreads. For instance, at FXOpen, US stock CFD traders can see commissions charged from 0.04% to 0.1%, varying by account size, with a minimum commission of $1 per order. Leverage is also lower—usually capped at 1:5 for retail traders, reflecting the relative instability of stock prices compared to currencies. Conclusion Forex CFDs offer lower costs and higher leverage, making it popular among traders with a short-term focus. Stock CFDs, while more expensive, give access to financial instruments for portfolio diversification. Choosing between them depends on the trader’s goals, risk tolerance, and preferred market dynamics. Forex vs Stocks: Regulation and Market Transparency Regulation and transparency are critical for traders when choosing between forex and stocks. Both markets are regulated, but their structures create distinct differences in how pricing and trade execution work. Forex: Decentralised and Broker-Driven The forex market is decentralised, meaning trades are executed through brokers rather than central exchanges. This structure can lead to variations in pricing and execution quality, depending on the broker. Therefore, traders need to find regulated brokers to avoid issues with unreliable pricing or execution. For example, FXOpen is regulated by the FCA and CySEC to ensure fair practices and client fund protection. Stocks: Centralised and Transparent Traditional stock markets operate on centralised exchanges like the NYSE or LSE, where all trades are matched through a regulated order book. This ensures consistent pricing and high transparency, as traders can see bid and ask levels across the market. At the same time, stock CFDs are traded on a broker level. Conclusion Forex and stock CFDs’ decentralised nature provides flexibility but relies heavily on broker reliability. Forex Trading vs Stock Trading: Suitability for Different Trader Types Deciding between forex trading and stock trading comes down to choosing between each market’s unique characteristics. Forex: Favouring Short-Term Strategies Forex is ideal for short-term traders, such as scalpers and day traders. Its high liquidity and round-the-clock trading mean there’s always an opportunity to act on price movements, especially during overlapping sessions like London and New York. The use of leverage, often higher in forex, makes it appealing for those seeking to amplify returns on smaller price shifts (please remember that higher leverage leads to higher risks). Traders in forex often focus on technical analysis, utilising chart patterns and indicators, and study macroeconomic data to analyse short-term trends. This market tends to suit individuals who are comfortable with frequent decision-making and quick trade execution. Stocks: A Blend of Short and Medium-Term Trading Stock trading, particularly via CFDs, is more versatile, attracting both medium-term and swing traders. While day trading is possible, the structured trading hours and broader price swings make stocks particularly appealing for those who prefer holding positions for days or weeks. Stock traders often lean on company-specific fundamentals, such as earnings reports or sector trends, alongside technical analysis. This market suits individuals who prefer analysing individual businesses or sector dynamics over global macro trends. Conclusion Forex trading caters to short-term strategies, attracting traders who thrive on quick decisions and frequent trades, while stock trading offers flexibility, appealing to those who prefer a mix of short- and medium-term strategies with a focus on company fundamentals. Each market has unique characteristics, allowing traders to choose based on their style and objectives. The Bottom Line Both forex and stock markets may offer unique opportunities tailored to different trading strategies and goals. Whether you’re drawn to forex’s 24/5 accessibility or the structured transparency of stocks, understanding their key differences is crucial. Ready to explore forex and stock CFD trading? Open an FXOpen account today and take advantage of competitive spreads, fast execution speeds, and a wide range of instruments. FAQ Is the Stock Market Bigger Than Forex? No, the forex market is significantly larger. Forex sees daily trading volumes exceeding $7.5 trillion (April, 2022). This makes forex the largest and most liquid market, popular among traders seeking tighter spreads and fast execution. What Is the Correlation Between Forex and Stock Markets? The relationship varies. Commodity-linked currencies like AUD or CAD often correlate with related stocks or indices. Broader market sentiment, such as risk-on or risk-off conditions, can also drive both forex and stocks in similar or opposing directions. Should I Invest in Forex or Stocks? It depends on your trading style. Forex could suit short-term traders focusing on global economic trends, while stocks might appeal to those who prefer company analysis or medium-term strategies. Which May Offer Greater Returns, Forex or Stocks? Ultimately, potential returns depend on your strategy and discipline. Forex offers higher leverage for short-term trades, but higher leverage leads to higher risks. Stocks may provide better longer-term growth potential, but they are subject to high volatility. Which Is Riskier, Forex or Stocks? Forex can be riskier due to leverage and rapid price swings. Stocks also carry risks, particularly from company-specific events, but lower leverage makes losses potentially less amplified. The risk depends on your approach and management. This article represents the opinion of the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand only. It is not to be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation with respect to products and services provided by the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand, nor is it to be considered financial advice.
Education
by FXOpen
2
Amplified Emotions: Recognizing Key Signals in TradingAlmost every book on trading psychology emphasizes that trading is a challenging endeavor requiring continuous improvement of knowledge, self-education, and patience. From the very start, a novice trader often adopts a mindset rooted in the belief that "the more you work, the more you earn." However, this mindset can lead to a trap that many traders fall into. Influenced by this belief, they start to think that nothing worthwhile comes without significant effort. When success seems to come easily, they often look for hidden catches, feel guilty about their achievements, and unintentionally complicate their trading journey. 📍 Amplification in Trading Psychology Amplification, in the context of psychology, refers to the exaggerated perception of trader's experiences and emotions. This heightened sense of anxiety and over-complication can add unnecessary problems in trading. 📍 Using a Sledgehammer to Crack a Nut Consider the following scenario: You discover a small leak in your faucet. Rather than using a simple wrench to tighten the fitting or calling a plumber for assistance, you decide to bring in heavy machinery and start tearing down the entire kitchen wall to access the pipes. Even if you manage to achieve your goal of fixing the leak, the collateral damage and chaos you’ve created far outweigh the simplicity of the initial solution. 📍 How Amplification Manifests Itself in Trading 1. "I'm Not Looking for Easy Ways." This mindset arises from the earlier mentioned belief that greater effort equates to better results. For instance, if you need to dig up a field, using a shovel may seem earnest, but it makes far more sense to employ a tractor to expedite the job. In trading, this effect plays out as follows: • A trader convinced that gaining expertise requires extensive reading may spend weeks poring over numerous books on indicators and technical analysis. In reality, even a few tutorials on a broker's website would suffice to get started on a demo account. Meanwhile, other traders are already opening real trades. • Understanding the need for mathematics in risk management, a novice might obsess over complex concepts like Fibonacci numbers or Gann squares, which could be beneficial but are unnecessary at the beginning stage. • A trader may feel pressured to increase trading volumes after seeing others boast online about their larger trades. In doing so, they often violate their risk management principles, leading to significant losses. • Some traders believe that more screen time equates to better control over the market. They find themselves "hypnotizing" the charts for hours, erroneously thinking that mere observation translates to greater market mastery. Ultimately, these behaviors result in nothing but stress, eye strain, headaches, and insomnia—hardly the path to effective trading. 2. “All or Nothing” This form of amplification manifests when individuals believe that success depends on having maximum resources at their disposal. They feel compelled to trade like a professional from the start, insisting on having three monitors, state-of-the-art software, and high-speed VPS—all while struggling to understand even basic calculations like stop-loss lengths. Yet, when equipped with these resources, they might still face losses. This discrepancy invites questions: “Could it be that my approach is flawed?” 3. Delayed Preparation and Lack of Determination When faced with the fear of taking the first real step in trading, individuals often fall into the trap of excessive planning. They think, "How can I trade without a perfectly crafted trading system?" As they immerse themselves in theory, they witness their peers successfully trading on real accounts, while they remain stuck in a perpetual cycle of preparation. Anxiety thrives on the hyperbolic exaggeration of potential consequences. Many traders grapple with crippling questions like: "What if it doesn’t work out?" or "What if I make a mistake?” To combat amplification, it's crucial to analyze the underlying reasons for hesitancy. Some common causes include: Uncertainty about the outcome: Worrying excessively about potential failures. Lack of confidence in abilities: Feeling inadequately prepared or underqualified. Nervous tension and anxiety: Allowing emotions to cloud judgment. While it's essential not to plunge into trading without sufficient knowledge, it's equally important not to overcomplicate the process. Just as you wouldn't use a sledgehammer to crack a nut, you should identify the root causes of amplification and seek straightforward solutions that yield the best results with minimum effort. Traders, If you liked this educational post🎓, give it a boost 🚀 and drop a comment 📣
Education
by Lingrid
7
Are You a Learner or Just a Loudmouth?💡 A Hierarchy of Thinking Styles 🤔 🔺 Learner: "I might be wrong!" – Growth happens when you embrace the uncomfortable truth. ⚪ Critical Thinker: "That might be wrong!" – Question everything, including your own biases. 🟧 Contrarian: "You’re all wrong!" – Challenging others is great, but don’t forget to challenge yourself. 🟦 Politician: "They’re wrong, we’re right!" – When defending your "team" blinds you to logic. 🟩 Cult Leader: "I’m always right!" – A quick recipe for intellectual stagnation. ✨ Be the learner who thrives on new perspectives, not the cult leader trapped in their own gospel. Which stage are YOU operating at today? Drop your thoughts below! ⬇️
Education
by RoadToAMillionClub
3
Trading Resolutions for the New Year (and How to Stick to Them)Ah, the New Year. A time of hope, fresh starts, and wildly ambitious resolutions. We sit down, crack open a new trading journal, and swear this is the year we’ll stop taking impulse trades on hot meme coins at 3 AM or doubling down on losing positions because “It’s gotta bounce soon, right?” Making trading resolutions is easy. Yes, we saw your entries to the Holiday Giveaway and we wish everyone to go above and beyond in hitting those lofty goals in 2025 (special props to the fellow trader who wants to run his account to a billion dollars!) But sticking to those goals? That’s where the challenge begins. If you’re ready to finally conquer the trading year ahead, here are some resolutions you can (and should) keep—and how to actually make them stick. 1️⃣ Cut Losses Quicker (Yes, Really This Time) Every trader knows the pain of watching a small loss snowball into a catastrophe or even a whole wipeout of the account. “I’ll just hold it a little longer,” you say, convincing yourself that the market will reverse out of sympathy. Cutting losses quickly is one of the oldest rules in trading. “Losers average losers,” says the poster on the office wall of Paul Tudor Jones, a legendary macro trader. No one likes admitting they were wrong. But the reality is, being wrong is part of the game. The trick isn’t avoiding losses altogether but managing them so they don’t tank your account. A quick exit preserves capital and keeps you in the game for the next opportunity. By cutting losses early, you avoid the mental drain of watching a red position fester. Traders who master this skill not only protect their balance but also their confidence, knowing they have the discipline to make hard decisions when needed. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : Set hard stop losses and respect them like they’re your boss. The less room you leave for emotion, the more disciplined you’ll become. Backtest your strategy with strict stop-loss rules and track how often timely exits would have saved you. The data might just convince you. 2️⃣ Stop Revenge Trading—It’s Not Personal We’ve all been there. One bad trade spirals, and suddenly you’re out to “get back at it.” Next thing you know, you’re over-leveraging into positions that make no sense, trading assets you’ve never touched before, and whispering, “If I could double my profit here…” Revenge trading is the quickest way to derail your entire strategy. It turns a calculated endeavor into emotional gambling. The market doesn’t care about you, for better or worse. It’s not out to get you. And trying to settle the score rarely ends well. In fact, it often leads to larger losses, reinforcing negative habits that make bouncing back even harder. Recognize that losses are part of the trading game—no one escapes them entirely. The sooner you accept this, the faster you can detach emotionally and trade objectively. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : After a loss, walk away. Seriously. Step outside, touch grass, or binge-watch a series (heard the new Squid Game season was really nice). Give yourself at least an hour to reset before even considering another trade. Better yet, cap your trading day by setting a daily loss limit. Hit it? You’re done. Close the laptop. Develop a ritual that signals the end of a trading day—whether it’s exercise, journaling, or even cooking. The goal is to separate trading losses from your personal worth. 3️⃣ Set Achievable Goals (Forget Lambo Dreams) “I’m turning $600 into $1 million this year,” said every trader who sees all those charts ramping up and imagining “I could’ve entered here.” Ambition is great, but unrealistic goals set you up for frustration. Instead of aiming to retire by April, focus on steady, incremental growth. Small, consistent wins compound faster than you think. And by setting achievable targets, you’re less likely to tilt into risky trades trying to hit moonshot goals. Setting modest targets allows for compounding success, keeping morale high and reinforcing disciplined behavior. Plus, gradual growth encourages process over profits, which is the hallmark of long-term success. Traders often overlook that a 5% monthly gain snowballs over time into exponential returns. The market rewards patience far more than haste. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : Break down your goals. Instead of shooting for massive account growth, aim for something like 2-5% per month. Heck, try 10% if you’ve got it going well. Focus on refining your strategy, improving accuracy, and minimizing drawdowns. Growth will follow. Review your goals quarterly and adjust based on performance. 4️⃣ Stick to One Strategy (and Master It) Ever jump between strategies like a caffeinated squirrel? One day you’re scalping the 1-minute chart, the next you’re holding for months, pretending to be Warren Buffett. This lack of consistency is why many traders struggle. Pick a strategy and stick to it. Master it. Understand its strengths, weaknesses, and nuances. The best traders aren’t masters of everything; they’re experts at one thing. By limiting focus, you give yourself the chance to refine execution, develop an edge, and build confidence. Juggling multiple strategies often leads to overcomplication and mismanagement, which is a breeding ground for unnecessary losses. Repetition breeds familiarity, and mastery follows. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : Find a strategy that fits your personality and schedule. If you love adrenaline, day trading might suit you. Prefer a slower pace? Swing or position trading is your jam. Commit to one approach for at least three months and track your progress. Don’t switch strategies after a losing streak—adapt and refine instead. Mastery takes time, and the payoff for patience is unmatched. 5️⃣ Keep a Trading Journal (and Actually Use It) A trading journal isn’t just for documenting wins and losses. It’s a blueprint for your growth. Yet, many traders either skip it entirely or scribble down half-hearted notes. Document every trade. What went right? What went wrong? How did you feel? What’s your winners-to-losers ratio? This isn’t just busy work—it’s how you identify patterns and learn from mistakes. A journal highlights recurring errors and psychological triggers, providing insights that no webinar or book can. Reviewing your journal can be eye-opening, showing how emotional patterns influence performance. The more detailed, the better. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : Create a template that tracks entry/exit points, trade rationale, emotions, and results. Review it weekly. Over time, you’ll start to see recurring themes (like why you keep losing on Thursdays). Adjust accordingly. Make reviewing your journal part of your weekly routine—treat it like a date with yourself. It’s data analysis, but with personal flair. 6️⃣ Diversify, but Don’t Overcomplicate Diversification is key, but too much can dilute returns and leave you overwhelmed. Holding 50 assets in your portfolio might feel “safe,” but it often just spreads you too thin. Focus on a handful of assets you understand deeply. Diversify across sectors or asset classes, but keep it manageable. Quality over quantity. A concentrated portfolio of well-researched positions often outperforms a haphazard collection of tickers. By focusing on fewer assets, you can track performance, breaking news , and sentiment with greater precision, avoiding unnecessary surprises. 💡 What You Can Do in 2025 : Limit your portfolio to 5-10 solid positions. If you can’t explain why you’re holding something, it doesn’t belong there. Simplify, and let your knowledge of each position drive decision-making. Trim positions that no longer align with your goals and continuously research new opportunities that fit your core thesis. Final Thoughts Trading resolutions aren’t about perfection. You’re going to break some of them—and that’s okay. The goal is progress, not perfection. As long as you’re moving forward, learning from mistakes, and staying disciplined, you’re already ahead of most traders. So here’s to a profitable, less stressful year. May your charts trend favorably, your stop losses trigger at the right time, and your wins outweigh the losses (big, big time). Happy New Year and happy trading!
Education
by TradingView
18
British Pound Sterling (GBP): A History and Trading OverviewBritish Pound Sterling (GBP): A History and Trading Overview The British pound, one of the oldest and most traded currencies, holds a central role in the global forex market. Known for its volatility and economic significance, the pound presents unique opportunities and challenges for traders. This article explores British money’s history, key factors driving its value, major trading pairs, and insights into how it’s traded. Origins and Historical Evolution of British Pound Sterling The British Pound Sterling, represented by the pound symbol £ and known by the British pound abbreviation GBP, has a rich history stretching back over a thousand years, making it one of the oldest continuously used currencies. Its origins trace to the Anglo-Saxon period, around the 8th century, when it was first introduced as a silver-based currency. Back then, one pound of sterling silver could be divided into 240 silver pennies—a substantial amount. The currency evolved as England developed its economy and trading networks, solidifying the pound’s status as a cornerstone of UK money and commerce across Europe. During the late 17th century, the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694 marked a turning point, allowing the British government to issue notes and coins on a larger scale. Later, the central bank adopted the gold standard in the 19th century and pegged the pound’s value to gold, enhancing its stability and appeal. However, the turbulent economic climate following World War I and the Great Depression led to abandoning the gold standard, allowing the pound to float in value—a status it maintains today. Why Is a Pound Called Sterling? The term “sterling” is linked to the British currency’s origins as high-quality silver coins. Medieval England’s silver coins, made primarily from “sterling” silver, had a reputation for purity and reliability, giving rise to the enduring name “Pound Sterling.” This name reflects the currency's legacy as a reliable and trusted medium of exchange. Is a Quid the Same as Pounds? Yes, a pound vs quid refers to the same unit of currency. In the UK, British “quid” is just informal slang for one pound. Similar to how Americans might say “buck” for a dollar, “quid” is used informally across the UK. Whether referring to the British pound sign £1 or a larger amount, there is no difference between “quid” and “pound” in everyday conversation, although “quid” isn’t an official term and doesn’t appear on banknotes or coins. In comparing a quid vs pound vs pence, quid and pound refer to the same unit of currency: one pound. In contrast, a pence is worth 1/100th of a pound. 100 pence make up a pound, akin to how 100 cents make up a dollar. The British Pound in the 20th Century In the 20th century, the pound faced dramatic shifts as Britain navigated global economic challenges and geopolitical shifts. After World War I, Britain tried to reinstate the gold standard in 1925, hoping it would bring stability. However the post-war economy was fragile, and by 1931, the gold standard was abandoned permanently, allowing the pound to fluctuate with market conditions. This move was crucial—it marked the pound’s transition to a free-floating currency, where its value was driven by demand and supply rather than a fixed link to gold. World War II and its aftermath further tested the pound’s resilience. Britain’s economy suffered significant losses, and by 1949, the government was forced to devalue the pound by about 30% against the dollar to support post-war recovery efforts. The pound experienced another major drop in 1967, as Britain faced growing debt and economic pressure. Fast forward to 1992, and the pound’s status faced another test during the “Black Wednesday” crisis. Britain’s attempt to keep the pound within the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) led to massive currency speculation. As traders shorted the GBP, meaning they expected it to lose value, the government struggled, ultimately withdrawing from the ERM—a pivotal decision that set the pound free from strict European exchange constraints. Factors Driving the British Pound Several key factors influence the value of the UK’s currency, from economic indicators to political events, making it a responsive currency in the forex market. Interest Rates and Monetary Policy The British pound’s value is heavily influenced by the Bank of England (BoE) and its monetary policies. The BoE’s primary tool for managing the pound is its interest rate policy. When the BoE raises rates, it often strengthens the pound by attracting investors seeking higher returns on UK assets. Conversely, lowering rates can weaken the pound, as it reduces the currency's appeal. The BoE’s Monetary Policy Committee meets regularly to assess economic conditions and decide on potential adjustments. Statements from these meetings can create significant market reactions, as traders interpret them for clues on future policies. In addition to interest rates, the BoE may also implement quantitative easing (QE) during economic downturns, increasing the money supply to stimulate growth. While the QE can help the economy, it often weakens the pound due to an increase in supply. The actions of other central banks also impact the pound’s value relative to another currency. For instance, if the Fed raises rates while the BoE keeps theirs unchanged, the dollar could strengthen against the pound. Major Economic Indicators and Events The British pound’s value is highly responsive to a range of economic indicators and events, as these reflect the health of the UK economy and inform expectations for future growth. GDP Growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures are a crucial indicator for the pound. Solid GDP growth indicates a strong economy, which often strengthens the currency. Conversely, sluggish growth or contraction signals economic trouble, which can weaken the pound. Traders closely watch quarterly GDP releases as they give direct insight into the UK’s economic performance. Inflation Rates Inflation is a key driver for the pound due to its direct link with interest rates. The Bank of England targets a 2% inflation rate, and if inflation rises significantly above this level, the BoE may respond by raising rates, which tends to strengthen the pound. Low or declining inflation can have the opposite effect, reducing the likelihood of rate hikes and putting pressure on the currency. Employment Data Employment reports, especially the monthly unemployment rate and wage growth data, offer a snapshot of the labour market’s health. A low unemployment rate and rising wages indicate economic strength, typically supporting the pound. Weak employment data, on the other hand, can signal economic challenges, potentially leading to a weaker currency. Global Risk Sentiment The British pound has a complex relationship with global risk sentiment, sometimes acting as a “risk barometer” for the UK and global markets. Unlike so-called traditional safe-haven currencies like the US dollar or Japanese yen, the pound doesn’t have a role as a refuge during periods of market stress. During times of global uncertainty, the pound can weaken as investors move funds into potentially safer assets. For example, during major economic downturns or political crises, traders might sell off the pound in favour of currencies like the dollar or yen, which are seen as more resilient. This behaviour stems from the pound’s relatively high volatility. On the other hand, in periods of optimism or risk-on sentiment, the pound can attract investment, especially if the UK economy is performing well. The currency benefits from the UK’s open financial market, which can draw in foreign capital when investors feel confident about economic growth. Political Events The pound is highly sensitive to domestic political developments like any other currency. Events like general elections, referendums, and policy decisions usually cause swift price movements. For example, Brexit created significant uncertainty, leading to heightened pound volatility. Political stability, or lack thereof, affects investor confidence, influencing the pound's value in response to perceived risks or opportunities. Trade Relationships The UK's trade balance, particularly with key partners like the EU and the US, also impacts the pound. A positive trade balance (more exports than imports) often supports the currency, while a deficit can put downward pressure on it, as more pounds are exchanged for foreign currency to pay for imports. Trading the British Pound Trading the British pound offers opportunities for those interested in both major and cross-currency pairs. Its reputation for volatility and responsiveness to economic data makes it an appealing choice for various trading strategies. What Is the Best Pair to Trade With GBP? Traders can trade the pound through several pairs, each offering unique characteristics. GBP/USD is the most popular, providing high liquidity and frequent price movement. This pair is particularly attractive for traders who closely follow UK and US economic indicators, as these two economies often drive its volatility. GBP/JPY is another popular choice for those seeking higher volatility, as it tends to have larger price swings due to the yen’s so-called safe-haven status. Additionally, EUR/GBP is favoured by those interested in the close economic ties between the UK and the Eurozone, often providing interesting trends influenced by regional economic policies. Technical Analysis GBP pairs are well-suited to technical analysis, with traders commonly using tools like support and resistance levels, trendlines, and moving averages. Patterns such as double tops and bottoms are frequently observed, and indicators like the MACD and RSI can help identify potential entry points based on overbought or oversold conditions. GBP’s volatility makes it ideal for momentum-based strategies, where traders look for strong price movements to capture gains. Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis is essential when trading the pound, given its sensitivity to UK economic data and Bank of England (BoE) monetary policy. Traders often monitor GDP growth, inflation, employment figures, and BoE’s interest rate decisions, as these have immediate effects on pound valuation. Additionally, political events such as elections or Brexit-related developments can create rapid shifts, making it crucial to stay informed about current affairs that could impact the currency. Risk Management Given the pound’s volatility, effective risk management is vital. Traders may potentially enhance their strategies by setting appropriate stop-loss levels and position sizing to account for the currency’s larger price swings. Observing correlations with other currencies, like EUR/USD, can also help manage exposure and offer additional insights when the pound exhibits similar or diverging trends. GBP/USD Pair Characteristics So what is GBP known for today? In the modern age, the pound is easily recognised by the pound’s sign (£) and remains one of the most traded currencies worldwide, particularly in pairs like GBP/USD, known as “Cable.” This pair represents the exchange rate between the British pound and the US dollar, capturing the relationship between two of the world’s largest economies. Liquidity and Volatility GBP/USD is known for high liquidity, especially during London and New York trading hours when the UK and US markets overlap. This liquidity attracts significant trading volume, leading to relatively tight spreads, especially during peak trading times. However, GBP/USD is also notably volatile, meaning it can experience sharp movements over short periods. This volatility is often driven by economic releases, political events, and market sentiment. Role in Forex Market As one of the major currency pairs, GBP/USD is a cornerstone of forex trading. It represents around 9% of total daily forex turnover. Traders follow it closely due to its sensitivity to key economic indicators, interest rate decisions, and policy changes from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve. GBP/USD's unique position as both a "major" and an often volatile pair allows it to reflect broader market trends and risk sentiment effectively. Which Pair Correlates With GBP/USD? The GBP/USD pair frequently shows a correlation with other major pairs, particularly EUR/USD. This is largely due to their shared link to the US dollar. When EUR/USD experiences a strong trend, GBP/USD may often follow suit, although the unique economic factors affecting the UK and Eurozone can cause deviations in their movements. Additionally, USD/CHF often shows an inverse correlation with GBP/USD, as the Swiss franc serves as a so-called safe-haven currency (more so than the US dollar), moving oppositely in risk-off markets. To explore these correlations, head over to FXOpen’s free TickTrader platform to get started with real-time forex charts. The Bottom Line The British pound remains a dynamic and influential currency in forex markets, offering ample opportunities for traders at all levels. Its rich history, market responsiveness, and diverse trading pairs make it an essential choice for those looking to engage in global currency trading. To start trading the pound and other pairs with it, open an FXOpen account and take advantage of four advanced trading platforms, low costs, and fast execution speeds. FAQ What Is GBP Currency? GBP is the abbreviation for the British pound, the official currency of the United Kingdom. Often referred to as “British pound sterling,” it’s one of the oldest and most traded currencies globally, denoted by the pound symbol, £. Is GBP Getting Stronger Against the Euro? The pound’s strength against the euro fluctuates based on economic conditions in the UK and Eurozone. As of late 2024, the pound has been getting stronger against the euro recently due to a less restrictive monetary policy stance from the European Central Bank. What Country Has the Oldest Currency? The UK has the world’s oldest currency still in use. The pound sterling dates back over a thousand years, tracing its origins to the Anglo-Saxon period. When to Trade GBP Pairs? GBP pairs are most active during the London trading session, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. GMT. Volatility can increase when UK or US economic data is released. Which GBP Pair Is Most Volatile? GBP/JPY is typically the most volatile GBP pair, due to the yen’s role as a so-called safe-haven currency. It can experience larger price fluctuations compared to other GBP pairs. This article represents the opinion of the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand only. It is not to be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation with respect to products and services provided by the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand, nor is it to be considered financial advice
Education
by FXOpen
1
The Quest for Market MasteryEssential Reading for Understanding Markets, Behavior, and Decision-Making Understanding financial markets and human behavior requires more than just technical knowledge - it demands deep insights into psychology, probability, and decision-making. I've curated a selection of groundbreaking books that together provide a comprehensive framework for mastering these interconnected domains. Let's start with Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking, Fast and Slow," a masterpiece that revolutionized our understanding of human decision-making. Kahneman introduces us to two systems that drive our thinking: the fast, intuitive System 1, and the slow, analytical System 2. This book is essential for anyone looking to understand their own cognitive biases and improve their decision-making process, whether in markets or in life. Building on these psychological insights, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein's "Nudge" explores how choice architecture influences our decisions. Their work demonstrates how subtle changes in how options are presented can significantly impact outcomes - crucial knowledge for both policymakers and investors. For those interested in the intersection of theory and practice, Nassim Nicholas Taleb's "Incerto" series (including "Fooled by Randomness," "The Black Swan," and "Antifragile") offers profound insights into probability, uncertainty, and risk. Taleb's work challenges conventional wisdom about randomness and helps readers develop more robust mental models for dealing with uncertainty. Moving to practical market applications, Edward O. Thorp's "A Man for All Markets" provides a fascinating journey from Las Vegas to Wall Street. Thorp, who pioneered quantitative investing, shares valuable lessons about probability, risk management, and the importance of maintaining a mathematical edge in any endeavor. Gregory Zuckerman's "The Man Who Solved the Market" tells the incredible story of Jim Simons and Renaissance Technologies. This book offers rare insights into how mathematical models and data science revolutionized trading, while also highlighting the importance of assembling exceptional teams and maintaining rigorous discipline. Finally, George Soros's "The Alchemy of Finance" introduces his theory of reflexivity, challenging traditional economic theories about market equilibrium. His insights about how market participants' perceptions affect market reality remain highly relevant today. Reading these books in combination offers several key benefits: A deep understanding of human psychology and decision-making Practical frameworks for dealing with uncertainty and probability Real-world applications of theoretical concepts Insights into different approaches to market analysis Lessons about risk management and system building The authors approach markets and decision-making from different angles - psychology, mathematics, philosophy, and practical experience. Together, they provide a rich tapestry of knowledge that can help readers develop more sophisticated mental models for understanding markets and human behavior. For beginners, I recommend starting with "Thinking, Fast and Slow" to build a psychological foundation, then moving to "Nudge" and the "Incerto" series. More market-focused readers might prefer beginning with Thorp's memoir before diving into the theoretical works. Remember that understanding markets and behavior is a journey, not a destination. These books don't offer simple formulas for success, but rather frameworks for thinking about complex problems. The real value comes from integrating these different perspectives into your own mental models and decision-making processes. Whether you're an investor, trader, policy maker, or simply someone interested in understanding how markets and humans interact, these books provide invaluable insights that can help you navigate an increasingly complex world. The time invested in reading and understanding these works will pay dividends far beyond the financial markets.
NASDAQ:NDXEducation
by Moshkelgosha
Trading While Tired: How Lack of Sleep Messed Me UpThere was a time in my trading journey when I thought staying up late would make me a better trader. I’d sit at my desk until the early hours, staring at charts and telling myself, “The more I watch, the more I’ll win.” At first, it seemed like it was working. I caught a few decent trades late at night and felt like I was ahead of the game. But then, it all started to go wrong. The Day It Hit Me One morning, after getting just four hours of sleep, I sat down to trade like I always did. But something felt off. I couldn’t focus on the charts—I kept missing obvious patterns. On one trade, I completely forgot to set a stop-loss, and it ended up costing me more than it should have. By the end of the day, I had made so many mistakes that I didn’t even recognize myself as a trader. I was losing money, and I felt like a mess. What Lack of Sleep Does Looking back, I can see how skipping sleep was hurting me. Here’s what I went through: - I Couldn’t Think Clearly: I felt foggy and couldn’t concentrate on my trading plan. - I Made Bad Choices: I rushed into trades without thinking them through. - I Was Moody: Losing trades hit me harder than they should have, and little things made me angry. - I Drank Too Much Coffee: I thought caffeine would fix my tiredness, but it just made me jittery. - I Broke My Rules: I was too tired to follow my trading strategy. How I Fixed It One day, after another sleepless night and a morning full of mistakes, I decided enough was enough. I told myself I needed to change. The first step? Making sleep a priority. At first, it was hard to turn off the charts and go to bed. I thought I’d miss out on opportunities, but the truth was the opposite. With proper rest, I became sharper, calmer, and more confident in my trades. What I Learned -Sleep is as important as trading skills—you can’t think clearly without it. -Watching the charts all night doesn’t help if you’re too tired to make good decisions. -A good night’s sleep leads to smarter, more focused trading. Are You Trading Tired? If you’re staying up late and feeling exhausted while trading, it’s time to change that. Trust me, your trades will get better when your brain has the energy to work properly. If you’re stuck or want to chat about how to balance trading with a healthy lifestyle, send me a DM. I’ve been there, and I’m here to help! Kris/Mindbloome Exchange
KRAKEN:GALAUSDEducation
by Mindbloome-Trading
6
Overtrading: The Fast Track to BurnoutThere was a day in my trading journey that I’ll never forget—and not for a good reason. It started like any normal day. I had my plan, and the first few trades went well. But then, I saw what I thought was another good opportunity. Without thinking it through, I jumped in. The trade didn’t work out, and I got frustrated. Instead of stepping back, I started trading like crazy, trying to get my money back. One bad trade led to another, and before I knew it, I had made over 30 trades in a single day. Each one was worse than the last. By the end, I had lost thousands of dollars. Even worse than the money, I felt drained, frustrated, and embarrassed. That’s when I realized: I was overtrading, and it was destroying both my account and my mindset. What Is Overtrading? Overtrading is when you make too many trades, often because you’re emotional. Maybe you’re trying to chase every small market move, recover a loss, or just avoid feeling bored. Whatever the reason, you’re not sticking to your plan—you’re just clicking buttons and hoping for the best. How to Spot Overtrading Here’s how you can tell if you’re overtrading: - Too Many Trades: You’re constantly jumping in and out of the market without thinking it through. - Ignoring Your Rules: You forget your plan and take trades that don’t fit your strategy. - Trading on Emotions: You’re trading out of frustration, boredom, or desperation. - Feeling Exhausted: By the end of your session, you’re completely wiped out. - Losing More Money: Your account keeps shrinking because your trades are rushed and sloppy. What Overtrading Does to You Overtrading isn’t just bad for your account—it’s bad for you, too: - You Lose Money: Bad trades add up fast, and your account takes a hit. - You Burn Out: Staring at screens all day and trading on emotions will leave you mentally drained. - You Lose Confidence: Watching your mistakes pile up makes you doubt yourself. - You Break Discipline: Once you’re out of control, it’s hard to stick to your strategy. - You Feel Tired and Unhealthy: Long hours and no breaks make your body and mind feel worse. How I Fixed It After that awful day, I knew I had to change. I took a break for a few days to clear my head. When I came back, I made some rules for myself: -Only trade setups that match my plan. -Set a limit on how many trades I can take in a day. -Take regular breaks so I don’t burn out. -Journal every trade so I can spot my mistakes and improve. It took time, but these small changes helped me stop overtrading and focus on making smarter decisions. Are You Overtrading? If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Overtrading happens to a lot of traders, but you can fix it with the right approach. If you’re feeling stuck, frustrated, or burned out, send me a DM. I’m here to help you figure out what’s going wrong and how to turn things around. You don’t have to do it alone! Kris/Mindbloome Exchange
NASDAQ:MSFTEducation
by Mindbloome-Trading
HOW-TO use the Rainbow Indicator? (full guide)Below is a complete instruction on how to use the Rainbow Indicator along with examples. This indicator is an important facet of my decision-making system because it allows me to answer two important questions: - At what price should I make a trade with the selected shares? - In what volume? Part 1: Darts Set My concept of investing in stocks is buying great companies during a sell-off . Of course, this idea is not unique. One way or another, this was said by the luminaries of value investing – Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett. However, the implementation of this concept may vary depending on the preferences of each investor.To find great companies, I use the Fundamental strength indicator , and to plan opening and closing positions I use the Rainbow indicator. To begin your acquaintance with the Rainbow Indicator, ⁣ I would like to invite you to take part in a mental experiment. Imagine two small rooms for a game of darts. Each room has a different target hanging in it. It can be anywhere: center, left, right, bottom, or top. Target #1 from the first room looks like a small red circle. Target #2 from the second room looks like a larger red circle. You get a reward for hitting the target, calculated according to the following principle: the smaller the target in relation to the wall surface, the greater the reward you get. You have 100 darts in your hand, that is 100 attempts to hit the target. For each attempt, you pay $10. So to play this unusual game of darts, you take with you $1,000. Now, the most important condition is that you play in absolute darkness . So you don't know exactly what part of the wall the target is hanging in, so all your years of darts practice don't matter here. The question is: Which room will you choose? This is where you begin to think. Since your skills and experience are almost completely untapped in this game, all of your attempts to hit a target will be random. This is a useful observation because it allows you to apply the theory of probability. The password is Jacob Bernoulli. This is the mathematician who derived the formula by which you can calculate the probability of a successful outcome for a limited number of attempts. In our case, a successful outcome is a dart hitting the target as many times as necessary in order to, at least, not lose anything. In the case of Target #1, it is one hit or more. In the case of Target 2, it is 10 hits or more. The probability of hitting Target #1 is 1/100 or 1% (since the target area occupies 1% of the wall area). The probability of hitting Target #2 is 10/100 or 10% (since the target area occupies 10% of the wall area). The number of attempts is equal to the number of darts - 100. Now we have all the data to calculate. So, Bernoulli's formula : According to this formula: - The probability of one or more hits on Target #1 is 63% (out of 100%). - The probability of ten or more hits on Target #2 is 55% (out of 100%). You may say, "I think we should go to the first room". However, take your time with this conclusion because it is interesting to calculate the probability of not hitting the target even once, i.e., losing $1,000. We calculate using the same formula: - The probability of not hitting Target #1 is 37% (out of 100%). - The probability of not hitting Target #2 is 0.0027% (out of 100%). If we calculate the ratio of the probability of a successful outcome to the probability of losing the whole amount, we get: - For the first room = 1.7 - For the second room = 20370 You know, I like the second room better. This mental experiment reflects my approach to investing in stocks. The first room is an example of a strategy where you try to find the perfect entry point - to buy at a price below which the stock will not fall. The second room reflects an approach where you're not chasing a specific price level, but thinking in price ranges. In both cases, you'll have plenty of attempts, but in the first room, the risk of losing everything is much greater than in the second room. Now let me show you my target, ⁣ which is a visual interpretation of the Rainbow Indicator. It also hangs on the wall, in absolute darkness, and only becomes visible after I have used all the darts. Before the game starts, I announce the color where I want to go. The probability of hitting decreases from blue to green, and then to orange and red. That is, the smaller the color area, the less likely it is to successfully hit the selected color. However, the size of the reward also increases according to the same principle - the smaller the area of ​​color, the greater the reward. Throwing a dart is an attempt to close a position with a profit. Hitting the selected color is a position closed with a profit. Missing the selected color means the position is closed at a loss. Now imagine that in the absolutely dark room where I am, I have a flashlight. Thanks to it, I have the opportunity to see in which part of the wall the target is located. This gives me a significant advantage because now I throw darts not blindly, but with a precise understanding of where I am aiming. Light shining on the wall increases the probability of a successful outcome, which can also be estimated using the Bernoulli formula. Let's say I have 100 darts in my hands, that is, one hundred attempts to hit the chosen target. The probability of a dart hitting a red target (without the help of a flashlight) is 10%, and with the help of a flashlight, for example, 15%. That is, my ability to throw darts improves the probability of hitting the target by 5%. For hitting the red target, I get $100, and for each throw I pay $10. In this case, the probability of hitting the red target ten or more times is 94.49% (out of 100%) versus 55% (out of 100%) without a flashlight. In other words, under these game conditions and the assumptions made, if I try all 100 darts, the probability of recouping all my expenses will be 94.49% if I aim only at the red target. In my decision-making system, such a "flashlight" is the Fundamental strength indicator, dynamics of cash flows, the P/E ratio and the absence of critical news. And the darts set (target and darts) is a metaphor for the Rainbow Indicator. However, please note that all probabilities of positive outcomes are assumptions and are provided only for the purpose of example and understanding of the approach I have chosen. Stocks of public companies are not a guaranteed income instrument, nor are any indicators associated with them. Part 2: Margin of safety The idea to create the Rainbow Indicator came to me thanks to the concept of "margin of safety" coined by the father of value investing, Benjamin Graham. According to his idea, it is reasonable to buy shares of a company only when the price offered by the market is lower than the "intrinsic value" calculated based on financial statements. The value of this difference is the "margin of safety". At the same time, the indicator does not copy Graham's idea but develops it relying on my own methodology. So, according to Graham, the "margin of safety" is a good discount to the intrinsic value of the company. That is, if a company's stock is trading at prices that are well below the company's intrinsic value (on a per-share basis), it's a good opportunity to consider buying it. In this case, you will have a certain margin of safety in case the company is in financial distress and its stock price goes down. Accordingly, the greater the discount, the better. When it comes to the intrinsic value of a company, there are many approaches to determining it - from calculating the Price-to-book value financial ratio to the discounted cash flow method. As for my approach, I don’t try to find the coveted intrinsic value/cost, but I try to understand how fundamentally strong the company in front of me is, and how many years it will take to pay off my investment in it. To decide to buy shares, I use the following sequence of actions: - Determining fundamental strength of a company and analysis of cash flows using the Fundamental Strength Indicator. - Analysis of the recoupment period of investments using P/E ratio . - Analysis of critical news . - Analysis of the current price using Rainbow Indicator. To decide to sell shares, I use: - Analysis of the current price using Rainbow Indicator. - Or The Rule of Replacement of Stocks in a Portfolio . - Or Force majeure Position Closing Rule . Thus, the Rainbow indicator is always used in tandem with other indicators and analysis methods when buying stocks. However, in the case of selling previously purchased shares, I can only use the Rainbow indicator or one of the rules that I will discuss below. Next, we will consider the methodology for calculating the Rainbow Indicator. Indicator calculation methodology The Rainbow indicator starts with a simple moving average of one year (this is the thick red line in the center). Hereinafter, a year will mean the last 252 trading days. Applying a moving average of this length - is a good way to smooth out sharp price fluctuations which can happen during a year as much as possible, keeping the trend direction as much as possible. Thus, the moving average becomes for me the center of fluctuations of the imaginary pendulum of the market price. Then the deviations are calculated from the center of fluctuations. To achieve this, a certain number of earnings per share is subtracted from and added to the moving average. This is the diluted EPS of the last year. Deviations with a "-" sign from the Lower Rainbow of four colors: - The Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -4 EPS and ends with a deflection of -8 EPS. - The Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -8 EPS and ends with a deflection of -16 EPS. - The Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -16 EPS and ends with a deflection of -32 EPS. - The Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -32 EPS and goes to infinity. The Lower Rainbow is used to determine the price ranges that can be considered for buying stocks. It is in the spectra of the Lower Rainbow that the very "margin of safety" according to my methodology is located. The Lower Rainbow has the boundaries between the spectra as a solid line . And only the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow has only one boundary. Deviations with a "+" sign from the Upper Rainbow of four similar colors: - The Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of 0 EPS and ends with a deflection of +4 EPS. - The Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of +4 EPS and ends with a deflection of +8 EPS. - The Green Spectrum top rainbow begins with a deflection of +8 EPS and ends with a deflection of +16 EPS. - The Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of +16 EPS and goes to infinity. The Upper Rainbow is used to determine the price ranges that can be considered for selling stocks already purchased. The top rainbow has boundaries between the spectra in the form of crosses . And only the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow has only one boundary. The presence of the Empty Area (the size of 4 EPS) above the Lower Rainbow creates some asymmetry between the two rainbows - the Lower Rainbow looks wider than the Upper Rainbow. This asymmetry is deliberate because the market tends to fall much faster and deeper than it grows . Therefore, a wider Lower Rainbow is conducive to buying stocks at a good discount during a period of massive "sell-offs". The situation when the Lower Rainbow is below the center of fluctuations (the thick red line) and the Upper Rainbow is above the center of fluctuations is called an Obverse . It is only possible to buy a stock in an Obverse situation. The situation when the Lower Rainbow is above the center of fluctuations and the Upper Rainbow is below the center of fluctuations is called Reverse . In this situation, the stock cannot be considered for purchase , according to my approach. Selling a previously purchased stock is possible in both situations: Reverse and Obverse. After loading the indicator, you can see a hint next to the closing price - Reverse or Obverse now. Because the size of the deviation from the center of fluctuation depends on the size of the diluted EPS, several important conclusions can be made: - The increase in the width of both rainbows in the Obverse situation tells me about the growth of profits in the companies. - The decrease in the width of both rainbows in the Obverse situation tells me about a decrease in profits in the companies. - The increase in the width of both rainbows in the Reverse situation tells me about the growth of losses in the companies. - The decrease in the width of both rainbows in the Reverse situation tells me about the decrease in losses in the companies. - The higher the company's level of profit, the larger my "margin of safety" should be. This will provide the necessary margin of safety in the event of a transition to a cycle of declining financial results. The corresponding width of the Lower Rainbow will just create this "reserve". - The growth in profit in the company (after buying its shares) will allow me to stay in the position longer due to the expansion of the Upper Rainbow. - A decrease in profit in the company (after buying its shares) will allow me to close the position faster due to the narrowing of the Upper Rainbow. So the Rainbow indicator shows me a price range that can be considered for purchase if all the necessary conditions are met. By being in this price range, my investment will have a certain margin of safety or "margin of safety." It will also tell me when to exit a stock position based on the company's earnings analysis. Part 3: Crazy Mr. Market The Fundamental strength of a company influences the long-term price performance of its shares. This is a thesis that I believe in and use in my work. A company that does not live in debt and quickly converts its goods or services into money will be appreciated by the market. This all sounds good, you say, but what should an investor do who needs to decide here and now? Moreover, one has to act in conditions of constant changes in market sentiment. Current talk about the company's excellent prospects can be replaced by a pessimistic view of it literally the next day. Therefore, the stock price chart of any companies, regardless of its fundamental strength, can resemble the chaotic drawings of preschool children. Working with such uncertainty required me to develop my own attitude towards it. Benjamin Graham's idea of market madness was of invaluable help to me in this. Imagine that the market is your business partner, "Mr. Market". Every day, he comes to your office to check in and offer you a deal with shares of your mutual companies. Sometimes he wants to buy your share, sometimes he intends to sell his. And each time he offers a price at random, relying only on his intuition. When he is in a panic and afraid of everything, he wants to get rid of his shares. When he feels euphoria and blind faith in the future, he wants to buy your share. This is how crazy your partner is. Why is he acting like this? According to Graham, this is how all investors behave who do not understand the real value/cost of what they own. They jump from side to side and do it with the regularity of a "maniac" every day. The smart investor's job is to understand the fundamental value of your business and just wait for the next visit from crazy Mr. Market. If he panics and offers to buy his stocks at a surprisingly low price, take them and wish him luck. If he begs you to sell him stocks and quotes an unusually high price, sell them and wish him luck. The Rainbow indicator is used to evaluate these two poles. Now let's look at the conditions of opening and closing a position according to the indicator. So, the Lower Rainbow has four differently colored spectra: blue, green, orange, and red. Each one highlights the desired range of prices acceptable for buying in an Obverse situation. The Blue Spectrum is upper regarding the Green Spectrum, and the Green Spectrum is lower regarding the Blue Spectrum, etc. - If the current price is in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, that is a reason to consider that company for buying the first portion (*) of the stock. - If the current price has fallen below (into the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), that is a reason to consider this company to buy a second portion of the stock. - If the current price has fallen below (into the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), it is a reason to consider this company to buy a third portion of the stock. - If the current price has fallen below (into the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), that is a reason to consider that company to buy a fourth portion of the stock. (*) The logic of the Rainbow Indicator implies that no more than 4 portions of one company's stock can be purchased. One portion refers to the number of shares you can consider buying at the current price (depending on your account size and personal diversification ratio - see information below). The Upper Rainbow also has four differently colored spectra: blue, green, orange, and red. Each of them highlights the appropriate range of prices acceptable for closing an open position. - If the current price is in the Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. - If the current price is in the Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. - If the current price is in the Green Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. - If the current price is in the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. This position-closing logic applies to both the Obverse and Reverse situations. In both cases, the position is closed in portions in four steps. However, there are 3 exceptions to this rule when it is possible to close an entire position in whole rather than in parts: 1. If there is a Reverse situation and the current price is above the thick red line. 2.if I decide to invest in another company and I do not have enough free finances to purchase the required number of shares (Portfolio Replacement Rule). 3. If I learn of events that pose a real threat to the continued existence of the companies (for example, filing for bankruptcy), I can close the position earlier, without waiting for the price to fall into the corresponding Upper Rainbow spectrum (Force majeure Position Closing Rule). So, the basic scenario of opening and closing a position assumes the gradual purchase of shares in 4 stages and their gradual sale in 4 stages. However, there is a situation where one of the stages is skipped in the case of buying shares and in the case of selling them. For example, because the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio became acceptable for me only at a certain stage (spectrum) or the moment was missed for a transaction due to technical reasons. In such cases, I buy or sell more than one portion of a stock in the spectrum I am in. The number of additional portions will depend on the number of missed spectra. For example, if I have no position in the stock of the company in question, all conditions for buying the stock have been met, and the current price is in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, I can buy three portions of the stock at once (for the Blue, Green, and Orange Spectrum). I will sell these three portions in the corresponding Upper Rainbow spectra (orange, green, and blue). However, if, for some reason, the Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow was missed, and the current price is in the Green Spectrum - I will sell two portions of the three (in the Green Spectrum). I will sell the last, third portion only when the price reaches the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow. The table also contains additional information in the form of the current value of the company's market capitalization and P/E ratio. This allows me to use these two indicators within one indicator. Returning to the madness of the market, I would like to mention that this is a reality that cannot be fought, but can be used to achieve results. To get a sense of this, I will give an example of one of the stereotypes of an investor who uses fundamental analysis in his work.His thinking might be: If I valued a company on its financial performance and bought it, then I should stay in the position long enough to justify my expenses of analysis. In this way, the investor deliberately deprives himself of flexibility in decision-making. He will be completely at a loss if the financial performance starts to deteriorate rapidly and the stock price starts to decline rapidly. It is surprising that the same condition will occur in the case of a rapid upward price movement. The investor will torment himself with the question "what to do?" because I just bought stocks of this company, expecting to hold them for the long term. It is at moments like these that I'm aware of the value of the Rainbow Indicator. If it is not a force majeure or a Reverse situation, I just wait until the price reaches the Upper Rainbow. Thus, I can close the position in a year, in a month or in a few weeks. I don't have a goal to hold an open position for a long time, but I do have a goal to constantly adhere to the chosen investment strategy. Part 4: Diversification Ratio If the price is in the Lower Rainbow range and all other criteria are met, it is a good time to ask yourself, "How many shares to buy?" To answer this question, I need to understand how many companies I plan to invest in. Here I adhere to the principle of diversification - that is, distributing investments between the shares of several companies. What is this for? To reduce the impact of any company on the portfolio as a whole. Remember the old saying: don't put all your eggs in one basket. Like baskets, stocks can fall and companies can file for bankruptcy and leave the exchange. In this regard, diversification is a way to avoid losing capital due to investing in only one company. How do I determine the minimum number of companies for a portfolio? This amount depends on my attitude towards the capital that I will use to invest in stocks. If I accept the risk of losing 100% of my capital, then I can only invest in one company. It can be said that in this case there is no diversification. If I accept the risk of losing 50% of my capital, then I should invest in at least two companies, and so on. I just divide 100% by the percentage of capital that I can safely lose. The resulting number, rounded to the nearest whole number, is the minimum number of companies for my portfolio. As for the maximum value, it is also easy to determine. To achieve this, you need to multiply the minimum number of companies by four (this is how many spectra the Lower or Upper Rainbow of the indicator contains). How many companies I end up with in my portfolio will depend on from this set of factors. However, this amount will always fluctuate between the minimum and maximum, calculated according to the principle described above. I call the maximum possible number of companies in a portfolio the diversification coefficient. It is this coefficient that is involved in calculating the number of shares needed to be purchased in a particular spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. How does this work? Let's go to the indicator settings and fill in the necessary fields for the calculation. + Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes +Cash in - the number of finances deposited into my account -Cash out - the number of finances withdrawn from my account +/-Closed Profit/Loss - profit or loss on closed positions +Dividends - dividends received on the account -Fees - broker and exchange commission -Taxes - taxes debited from the account Diversification coefficient The diversification coefficient determines how diversified I want my portfolio to be. For example, a diversification coefficient of 20 means that I plan to buy 20 share portions of different companies, but no more than 4 portions per company (based on the number of Lower Rainbow spectra). The cost of purchased shares of this company (fees excluded) Here, I specify the amount of already purchased shares of the company in question in the currency of my portfolio. For example, if at this point, I have purchased 1000 shares at $300 per share, and my portfolio is expressed in $, I enter - $300,000. The cost of all purchased shares in the portfolio (fees excluded) Here, I enter the amount of all purchased shares for all companies in the currency of my portfolio (without commissions spent on the purchase). This is necessary to determine the amount of available funds available to purchase shares. After entering all the necessary data, I move on to the checkbox, by checking which I confirm that the company in question has successfully passed all preliminary stages of analysis (Fundamental strength indicator, P/E ratio, critical news). Without the check, the calculation is not performed. This is done intentionally because the use of the Rainbow Indicator for the purpose of purchasing shares is possible only after passing all the preliminary stages. Next, I click "Ok" and get the calculation in the form of a table on the left. Market Capitalization The value of a company's market capitalization, expressed in the currency of its stock price. Price / EPS Diluted Current value of the P/E ratio. Free cash in portfolio This is the amount of free cash available to purchase stocks. Please note that the price of the stock and the funds in your portfolio must be denominated in the same currency. On TradingView, you can choose which currency to display the stock price in. Cash amount for one portion The amount of cash needed to buy one portion of a stock. This depends on the diversification ratio entered. If you divide this value + Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes by the diversification coefficient, you get Cash amount for one portion . Potential portions amount Number of portions, available for purchase at the current price. It can be a fractional number. Cash amount to buy The amount of cash needed to buy portions available for purchase at the current price. Shares amount to buy Number of shares in portions available for purchase at the current price. Thus, the diversification ratio is a significant parameter of my stocks' investment strategy. It shows both the limit on the number of companies and the limit on the number of portions for the portfolio. It also participates in calculating the number of finances and shares to purchase at the current price level. Changing the diversification coefficient is possible already during the process of investing in stocks. If my capital ( + Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes ) has changed significantly (by more than Cash amount for one portion ), I always ask myself the same question: "What risk (as a percentage of capital) is acceptable for me now?" If the answer involves a change in the minimum number of companies in the portfolio, then the diversification ratio will also be recalculated. Therefore, the number of finances needed to purchase one portion will also change. We can say that the diversification ratio controls the distribution of finances among my investments. Part 5: Prioritization and Exceptions to the Rainbow Indicator Rules When analyzing a company and its stock price using the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the Rainbow Indicator, a situation may arise where all the conditions for buying are met in two or more companies. At the same time, ⁣ Free cash in the portfolio does not allow me to purchase the required number of portions from different companies. In that case, I need to decide which companies I will give priority to. To decide, I follow the following rules: 1. Priority is given to companies from the top-tier sector group (how these groups are defined is explained in this article ). That is, the first group prevails over the second, and the second over the third. These companies must also meet the purchase criteria described in Part 2. 2. If after applying the first rule, two or more companies have received priority, I look at the value of the Fundamental Strength Indicator. Priority is given to companies that have a fundamental strength of 8 points or higher. They must also be within two points of the leader in terms of fundamental strength. For example, if a leader has a fundamental strength of 12 points, then the range under consideration will be from 12 to 10 points. 3. If, after applying the second rule, two or more companies received priority, I look at which spectrum of the Lower Rainbow the current price of these companies is in. If a company's stock price is on the lower end of the spectrum, I give it priority. 4. If, after applying the third rule, two or more companies have received priority, I look at the P/E ratio. The Company with the lower P/E ratio gets priority. After applying these four rules, I get the company with the highest priority. This is the company that wins the fight for my investment. To figure out the next priority to buy, I repeat this process over and over again to use up all the money I have allocated for investing in stocks. The second part of the guide mentioned two rules that I use when deciding whether to close positions: - The Rule for replacing shares in a portfolio. - Force majeure position closure Rule. They take priority over the Rainbow Indicator. This means that the position may be closed even if the Rainbow indicator does not signal this. Let's consider each rule separately. Portfolio stock replacement Rule Since company stocks are not an asset with a guaranteed return, I can get into a situation where the position is open for a long time without an acceptable financial result. That is, the price of the company's shares is not growing, and the Rainbow indicator does not signal the need to sell shares. In this case, I can replace the problematic companies with a new one. The criteria for a problem company are: - 3 months have passed since the position was opened. - Fundamental strength below 5 points. - The width of both rainbows decreased during the period of holding the position. To identify a new company that will take the place of the problematic one, I use the prioritization principle from this section. At the same time, I always consider this possibility as an option. The thing is that frequently replacing stocks in my portfolio is not a priority for me and is seen as a negative action. A new company would have to have really outstanding parameters for me to take advantage of this option. Force majeure position closure Rule If my portfolio contains stocks of a company that has critical news, then I can close the position without using the Rainbow Indicator. How to determine whether this news is critical or not is described in this article . Part 6: Examples of using the indicator Let’s consider the situation with NVIDIA Corporation stock (ticker - NVDA). September 02, 2022: Fundamental Strength Indicator - 11.46 (fundamentally strong company). P/E - 39.58 (acceptable to me). Current price - $136.47 (is in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow). Situation - Obverse. There is no critical news for the company. The basic conditions for buying this company's stock are met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are filled out as follows: The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Orange Spectrum of Lower Rainbow at the current price = 10 shares. This corresponds to 2.73 portions. To give you an example, I buy 10 shares of NVDA at $136.47 per share. October 14, 2022: NVDA's stock price has moved into the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. The Fundamental Strength Indicator is 10.81 (fundamentally strong company). P/E is 35.80 (an acceptable level for me). Current price - $112.27 (is in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow). Situation - Obverse. There is no critical news for the company. The basic conditions for buying this company's stock are still met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are populated as follows: The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Red Spectrum at the current price (5 shares). This corresponds to 1.12 portions. To give you an example, I buy 5 shares of NVDA at $112.27 per share. A total of 3.85 portions were purchased, which is the maximum possible number of portions at the current price level. The remainder in the form of 0.15 portions can be purchased only at a price level below $75 per share. January 23, 2023: The price of NVDA stock passes through the Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow and stops in the Orange Spectrum. As an example, I sell 5 shares bought in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, for example at $180 per share (+60%). And also a third of the shares bought in the Orange Spectrum, 3 shares out of 10, for example at $190 a share (+39%). That leaves me with 7 shares. January 27, 2023: NVDA's stock price has continued to rise and has moved into the Green Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow. This is a reason to close some of the remaining 7 shares. I divide the 7 shares by 2 and round up to a whole number - that's 4 shares. For my example, I sell 4 shares at $199 a share (+46%). Now I am left with 3 shares of stock. February 02, 2023: The price of NVDA stock moves into the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, and I close the remaining 3 shares, for example, at $216 per share (+58%). The entire position in NVDA stock is closed. As you can see, the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio were not used in the process of closing the position. Decisions were made only based on the Rainbow Indicator. As another example, let's look at the situation with the shares of Papa Johns International, Inc. (ticker PZZA). November 01, 2017: Fundamental Strength Indicator - 13.22 points (fundamentally strong company). P/E - 21.64 (acceptable to me). Current price - $62.26 (is in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow). Situation - Obverse. There is no critical news for the company. The basic conditions for buying shares of this company are met. The settings of the Rainbow Indicator are filled as follows: The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Blue Spectrum at the current price - 8 shares. This corresponds to 1 portion. To give you an example, I buy 8 shares of PZZA at a price of $62.26. August 8, 2018: PZZA's share price has moved into the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. The Fundamental Strength Indicator is a 9.83 (fundamentally strong company). P/E is 16.07 (an acceptable level for me). Current price - $38.94 (is in the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow). Situation - Obverse. There is no critical news for the company. The basic conditions for buying shares of this company are still met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are populated as follows: The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Green Spectrum at the current price - 12 shares. This corresponds to 0.93 portions. To give you an example, I buy 12 shares of PZZA at a price of $38.94. A total of 1.93 portions were purchased. October 31, 2018: PZZA's stock price moves into the Upper Rainbow Red Spectrum and is $54.54 per share. Since I did not have any portions purchased in the Lower Rainbow Red Spectrum, there is no closing part of the position. February 01, 2019: After a significant decline, PZZA's stock price moves into the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow at $38.51 per share. However, I am not taking any action because the company's Fundamental Strength on this day is 5.02 (a fundamentally mediocre company). March 27, 2019: PZZA's stock price passes the green and Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow. This allowed to close the previously purchased 12 shares, for example, at $50 a share (+28%) and 8 shares at $50.38 a share (-19%). Closing the entire position at once was facilitated by a significant narrowing in both rainbows. As we now know, this indicates a decline in earnings at the company. In conclusion of this instruction, I would like to remind you once again that any investment is associated with risk. Therefore, make sure that you understand all the nuances of the indicators before using them. Mandatory requirements for using the indicator: - Works only on a daily timeframe. - The indicator is only applicable to shares of public companies. - Quarterly income statements for the last year are required. - An acceptable for your P/E ratio is required to consider the company's stock for purchase. - The Rainbow Indicator only applies in tandem with the Fundamental Strength Indicator. To consider a company's stock for purchase, you need confirmation that the company is fundamentally strong. What is the value of the Rainbow Indicator? - Clearly demonstrates a company's profit and loss dynamics. - Shows the price ranges that can be used to open and close a position. - Considers the principle of gradual increase and decrease in a position. - Allows calculating the number of shares to be purchased. - Shows the current value of the P/E ratio. - Shows the current capitalization of the company. Risk disclaimer When working with the Rainbow Indicator, keep in mind that the release of the Income statement (from which diluted EPS is derived) occurs some time after the end of the fiscal quarter. This means that the new relevant data for the calculation will only appear after the publication of the new statement. In this regard, there may be a significant change in the Rainbow Indicator after the publication of the new statement. The magnitude of this change will depend on both the content of the new statement and the number of days between the end of the financial quarter and the publication date of the statement. Before the publication date of the new statement, the latest actual data will be used for the calculations. Also, once again, please note that the Rainbow Indicator can only be used in tandem with the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio. Without these additional filters, the Rainbow Indicator loses its intended meaning. The Rainbow Indicator allows you to determine the price ranges for opening and closing a position gradually, based on available data and the methodology I created. You can also use it to calculate the number of shares you can consider buying, considering the position you already have. However, this Indicator and/or its description and examples cannot be used as the sole reason for buying or selling stocks or for any other action or inaction related to stocks.
NASDAQ:NVDAEducation
by Be_Capy
What Is the DJIA, and How Can You Trade It?What Is the DJIA, and How Can You Trade It? The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is one of the world’s most recognised stock indices, often seen as a barometer for the US economy. Tracking 30 influential companies, the DJIA offers insights into market trends and economic shifts. This article explores what the DJIA represents, how it’s constructed, and how to trade it. Dow Jones Definition The Dow Jones Industrial Average, usually abbreviated to DJIA or DJI, is one of the most well-known stock indices globally, often called simply "the Dow." This index tracks 30 of the publicly traded companies in the US, including major names like Apple, Boeing, and Goldman Sachs. Designed to represent a cross-section of the American economy (although it does not include utilities or transportation companies), the DJIA provides a snapshot of market sentiment and economic health through the performance of these companies. The DJIA was founded in 1896 by Charles Dow and Edward Jones, initially with 12 major industrial companies. Over time, Dow Jones Industrial Average companies evolved to include corporations across diverse sectors, though it's worth noting that these are all large-cap companies, meaning they have substantial market values. Importantly, the Dow is price-weighted, meaning in DJIA, a stock’s price directly affects the index value — stocks with higher prices hold more influence over the index's movements than those with lower prices. So, a stock priced at $300 will impact the DJIA more than one priced at $100, even if the latter company is larger in overall market value. For example, high-priced DJIA stocks like Goldman Sachs or UnitedHealth often drive the index’s movements more than lower-priced yet substantial companies like Cisco. As a result, the index is unique compared to indices weighted by market capitalisation, like the S&P 500. The Dow’s movements can reflect broader market trends, but it provides less of a complete representation of the economy or stock market than the S&P 500 or Russell 2000 since it includes only 30 companies. Nonetheless, traders often look to the Dow Jones index as an indicator of market strength or weakness. When these 30 companies perform well, it often signals broader economic optimism; when they struggle, it can be a sign of potential downturns. Components and Weighting of the DJIA The Dow Jones Industrial Average consists of 30 large-cap US companies across sectors like technology, finance, healthcare, and industrials. Changes to the DJIA’s stocks are rare but do happen when companies no longer reflect the US economic landscape. For instance, a business facing long-term decline may be replaced by a rising industry leader to keep the index relevant. These decisions are made by a committee that aims to ensure the DJIA remains a meaningful snapshot of the economy despite its relatively small roster of companies. What Stocks Are in the Dow Jones? As of November 2024, there are several notable and well-recognised companies in the Dow, including: - Apple Inc. - Microsoft Corporation - Amazon.com Inc. - The Coca-Cola Company - Goldman Sachs Group Inc. - Johnson & Johnson - McDonald's Corporation - Boeing Company - Visa Inc. - Procter & Gamble Co. Factors Affecting the DJIA’s Movements The DJIA can swing up or down due to various factors, reflecting shifts in the economy, company-specific developments, and broader market sentiment. The primary elements driving the index include: - Economic Indicators: Key data releases, like GDP growth, employment reports, and inflation rates, directly impact the DJIA. Strong economic indicators tend to lift the index as they suggest a healthy business environment, while weaker data can pull it down, signalling potential challenges for major companies. - Interest Rates: Interest rate changes, particularly from the Federal Reserve, play a significant role. When rates rise, borrowing becomes more expensive, which can reduce corporate profits and weigh on the Dow Jones Industrial Average’s stocks. Conversely, lower rates often encourage investment and consumer spending, which can boost the index. - Corporate Earnings Reports: Quarterly earnings announcements from the 30 DJIA companies are critical. Positive earnings results can lift the Dow, especially if they beat market expectations and are from one of its pricier components. Conversely, disappointing earnings can drag down the index, especially if they reflect broader industry or sector weaknesses. - Global Events: Major global developments, like geopolitical tensions, trade agreements, or health crises, can quickly shift market sentiment. For instance, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic caused sharp declines in the DJIA as economic concerns spiked. - Sectoral Influence: The DJIA’s performance can be significantly impacted by trends within particular sectors, especially those with higher-priced stocks. For instance, if several tech companies in the index perform well, they can drive up the DJIA, given their substantial influence. - Market Sentiment: General market optimism or fear often moves the DJIA, influenced by factors like investor confidence, media coverage, and broader economic outlooks. Indicators such as the VIX (volatility index) can help gauge this sentiment and reflect periods of heightened volatility. Trading the DJIA with CFDs While traders have various ways to access the Dow Jones Industrial Average—from ETFs to futures—many prefer trading DJIA Contracts for Difference (CFDs) for their flexibility and accessibility. CFDs allow traders to speculate on the DJIA’s price movements without owning the actual assets in the index. One of the benefits of CFDs is that they enable both long and short positions, so traders can potentially take advantage of rising or falling markets. CFDs also allow for leveraged trading, meaning traders can control a larger position with a smaller upfront investment. However, leverage amplifies both potential returns and risks, making risk management essential when trading CFDs. For those interested in DJIA CFDs, FXOpen provides access to these contracts in our TickTrader platform under the Dow ticker WS30m, giving traders an easy-to-use, responsive way to monitor and trade the index. How Traders Analyse the DJIA Traders use several analysis methods to interpret the DJIA’s movements, aiming to understand trends, gauge sentiment, and identify potential trading opportunities. Some of the most common approaches include: Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis involves examining economic data and financial statements of DJIA companies. Traders look at metrics like revenue growth, earnings, and profit margins to gauge the health of the companies within the index. Broader economic indicators, such as unemployment rates or consumer confidence, are also essential in understanding how macroeconomic conditions may impact the Dow. Technical Analysis Many traders rely on technical analysis to spot trends and key price levels. Common tools include moving averages, which smooth out price data to identify direction over time, and support and resistance levels, which highlight areas where the DJIA price has historically paused or reversed. Trendlines help traders visualise the overall direction, and indicators like the Relative Strength Index (RSI) show whether the index might be overbought or oversold. Market Sentiment and Positioning Analysis Gauging the mood of the market is crucial, especially with an index as prominent as the DJIA. Sentiment analysis involves looking at factors like trading volume and indicators such as the VIX (volatility index), which measures market expectations for near-term volatility. It’s also possible to interpret the positioning of traders in DJIA futures (expressed with the DJI ticker YM) via the CFTC Commitment of Traders report for insights into how various market participants are taking positions in the Dow. For instance, if the number of contracts held by non-commercials and speculators is positive, these participants are seen as bullish. Correlation Analysis Traders sometimes analyse correlations between the DJIA and other indices or assets. For example, the DJIA often moves alongside the S&P 500, but these correlations can shift based on economic or sector-specific developments. Through understanding these relationships, traders can anticipate how broader market trends might impact the Dow. Risks Associated with Trading the DJIA Trading the DJIA can be rewarding, but it comes with notable risks. One key risk is market volatility. Events like economic data releases, policy changes, or unexpected global events can cause sharp swings in the Dow’s value, creating opportunities but also increasing the chance of sudden losses. Another risk comes from leverage, especially with derivatives like CFDs. While leverage allows traders to control larger positions with less capital, it amplifies both returns and losses. Even a small adverse movement in the DJIA can lead to significant losses if leveraged positions aren’t managed carefully. Economic sensitivity is another factor. As the DJIA reflects the performance of large US companies, it’s highly sensitive to shifts in economic indicators like inflation and interest rates. A surprise rate hike or economic slowdown can affect the entire index, impacting all traders with positions in the DJIA. Finally, liquidity risks can arise, particularly in after-hours trading when market depth is thinner. This can lead to wider spreads and increased costs for those looking to enter or exit trades outside standard market hours. The Bottom Line The Dow Jones Industrial Average offers valuable insights and trading opportunities for those interested in the broader US economy. With a clear understanding of its components, influencing factors, and trading approaches, traders can navigate the DJIA trading confidently. Ready to get started with our low-cost, high-speed trading environment? Open an FXOpen account and explore DJIA CFDs on a platform built for traders at every level. FAQ What Is the Dow Jones Industrial Average? The Dow Jones meaning refers to a stock market index that tracks 30 large publicly traded companies in the United States. Known simply as "the Dow" and abbreviated to DJIA, it provides a quick view of the economic performance of some of the largest and most influential companies across various sectors. What Does the Dow Jones Measure? The DJIA measures the performance of 30 significant US companies, reflecting broader economic trends and investor sentiment. As a price-weighted index, stocks with higher share prices exert more influence on the Dow’s total value. How Many Stocks Are in the Dow Jones? There are 30 stocks in the DJIA, representing companies from diverse industries like technology, finance, and healthcare. What Is the Highest the Dow Jones Has Been? As of 7 November 2024, the highest Dow Jones ever was $43,823.10, marking a record peak for the index. Is the DJI Publicly Traded? The DJIA itself isn’t publicly traded, but traders can invest in its performance through ETFs, futures, and CFDs that track its value. This article represents the opinion of the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand only. It is not to be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation with respect to products and services provided by the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand, nor is it to be considered financial advice
FXOPEN:WS30MEducation
by FXOpen
1
TRADING WISDOM: 10 KEYS TO SUCCESS IN 2025As we approach 2025, we find ourselves in a dynamic trading landscape, shaped by shifting geopolitical and economic forces. To thrive in this rapidly evolving environment, we need more than just a solid grasp of technical analysis; we must cultivate our mental toughness, sharpen our strategic acumen, and remain adaptable. Whether you’re a beginner or a breakeven trader still searching for consistency, the lessons ahead will empower you to overcome obstacles. Let’s not repeat the mistakes of 2024; instead, let’s embrace new approaches and seize the opportunities that 2025 has to offer. Transform challenges into triumphs and pave the way for a successful trading journey! 📍 1. Let Go of Loyalty In personal relationships, loyalty is a virtue, but in the realm of trading, it can be a double-edged sword. The ability to make unbiased decisions is paramount. Holding onto losing positions out of a sense of loyalty only amplifies your losses and bogs you down in missed opportunities. Cultivate the discipline to exit underperforming trades swiftly and without hesitation. Instead of clinging to past mistakes, turn your energy toward identifying and seizing new trading opportunities. Remember, every moment spent nurturing a losing trade is a moment lost to potential wins. 📍 2. Avoid Absolute Predictions Be cautious with absolute statements regarding market trends, such as “I am certain the BINANCE:BTCUSDT will hit 100,000 next week.” Such declarations not only set you up for disappointment but can also trap you into thinking in rigid terms. Markets are influenced by myriad factors, and expecting them to adhere to a specific trajectory can blind you to changing conditions. Instead, focus on probabilities and possibilities—use terms like "it’s likely" or "there's a possibility" to frame your analysis. This flexible mindset allows you to remain adaptable in the face of uncertainty. 📍 3. Look for Psychological Triggers While technical indicators provide valuable insights, they should not be the sole basis for your trading decisions. Seek out additional psychological triggers that can offer deeper market context. A breakout from a significant resistance level, a sudden price spike, or the emergence of a recognizable pattern can all serve as pivotal signals. Understanding the collective psychology of market participants will enhance your ability to make informed decisions, as similar actions by the majority often reinforce market moves. 📍 4. Focus on Experience, Not Money It's common for novice traders to fixate on the question, “How much money can I make?” This dollar-centric mindset can cloud your judgment and lead to reckless trading. Rather than measuring success by monetary gains, prioritize the development of your trading skills and market understanding. With time and experience, profits will naturally follow. Aim to absorb and interpret the market's signals intuitively; the rewards will come as a byproduct of your enhanced capabilities. 📍 5. Quality Over Quantity Adopt Pareto's principle: "20% of your efforts yield 80% of your results." In trading, this translates to recognizing that quality signals are often rare. Spending excessive time analyzing charts can lead to analysis paralysis and poor outcomes. Instead of chasing after every minor fluctuation, exercise patience. Focus on identifying high-probability setups that align with your trading strategy. It’s better to wait for a handful of quality trades than to engage in rash actions that dilute your effectiveness. 📍 6. Embrace Boredom The cinematic portrayal of trading as a nonstop adrenaline rush often veils the reality: trading can be a rather tedious endeavor. Genuine trading strategies often yield signals only a few times a week or even monthly. Emotional trading born from boredom can lead to hasty decisions and losses. Develop a comfortable discipline that allows you to wait for clear signals without the urgency to act. This patience reflects a professional mindset, where the quality of trades trumps the quantity. 📍 7. Prioritize High-Quality Trades While backtesting can highlight the frequency of profitable trades, it’s crucial to remember that your objective is to focus on high-quality trade setups rather than merely increasing the number of trades. It’s completely acceptable for a few trades to end in losses, provided that your profitable trades yield sufficient gains to cover these losses and then some. Concentrate on refining your strategy to ensure a favorable profit-to-loss ratio over the long term, which is far more important than achieving a high win rate. 📍 8. Maximize Your Profits Your overarching aim is to extract maximum value from each trade. A common misconception among novice traders is that increasing the number of trades will lead to greater profits; however, this approach often results in chaos. Rather than getting swept up in the trading frenzy, focus on identifying strong trends backed by solid fundamentals. Utilize protective measures like trailing stops to safeguard your profits and avoid premature exits. By squeezing the most out of each trade, you ensure that your winning trades significantly outweigh your losses. 📍 9. Understand Risk Management Holistically The saying "risk 2% per trade" can be misleading if taken literally. The real impact of risk varies greatly depending on your account balance and leverage. For instance, a 2% risk on a $1,000 account may seem trivial, but with leverage, that percentage could balloon into a sum that feels much more significant. As you formulate your risk management strategy, consider both the percentage and the actual dollar amount at stake. Understanding the emotional impact of potential losses is essential for maintaining composure during turbulent market conditions. 📍 10. Reject Hope as a Strategy Hope should never be your trading strategy. Relying on the hope that a market reversal will occur or that your latest trade will succeed fosters a dangerous mindset. Effective trading requires strategic calculation, adherence to specific methodologies, and emotional detachment. Approach each trade with a clear plan and execute it consistently, leaving no room for wishful thinking. 📍 Conclusion The foundation of successful trading lies in a blend of experience, knowledge, intuition, and swift decision-making. Profitability is a natural byproduct of mastering these elements, coupled with a healthy approach to risk management and emotional control. As you work to reinforce these principles, you will sharpen your trading acumen and position yourself for lasting success in the dynamic trading environment of 2025 and beyond. Embrace your potential, cultivate your skills, and watch as opportunities unfold before you. Traders, If you liked this educational post🎓, give it a boost 🚀 and drop a comment 📣
Education
by Lingrid
8
[Diary] NMDC Stock SplitThe issue arises when you rely solely on a webhook as your exit strategy, especially in scenarios like today's with NMDC. TradingView’s webhook mechanism, while efficient for many tasks, can create havoc if used indiscriminately for entries, exits, or modifications without human oversight. Today, NMDC is generating a cascade of signals—short, long, SL hit, TGT hit, and more—because the platform hasn’t yet adjusted for the stock split properly. Algorithms dependent on such incomplete or inaccurate data can spiral into a disaster, executing trades based on flawed inputs. This is a clear reminder to always validate your data sources and integrate fallback mechanisms to avoid such pitfalls. Moreover, this kind of situation can lead to reverse signals that algorithms tuned for mean reversion might latch onto, seeing the seemingly favorable risk-reward (Rr) ratio. However, because the source data lacks significant market influence, the resulting trades could prove inconsequential or even misleading. The broader market may ignore such anomalies, leaving your algorithm chasing shadows. This highlights the importance of understanding market psychology and herd behavior. Traders often move in predictable patterns, and seemingly unrelated factors can trigger unexpected market reactions. For example, Berkshire Hathaway’s stock once saw price spikes correlating with the release of Anne Hathaway’s movies—not because of any fundamental connection, but due to name-based algorithmic trading. Such quirks underscore the need to approach automated trading with caution, ensuring a robust system that accounts for anomalies and prevents over-reliance on any single data source or strategy.
NSE:NMDCEducation
by Amit_Ghosh
Moving Average Convergence Divergence MACD A Comprehensive GuideMastering the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): A Comprehensive Guide Understanding the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): A Beginner’s Guide The Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) is a popular and powerful momentum and trend-following indicator used by traders across various markets. Developed by Gerald Appel in the late 1970s, MACD helps traders identify potential trend reversals, momentum strength, and buy or sell signals. What is MACD? MACD is based on the relationship between two moving averages of an asset’s price. It consists of three main components: MACD Line: Calculated as the difference between the 12-period Exponential Moving Average (EMA) and the 26-period EMA. Signal Line: A 9-period EMA of the MACD Line. Serves as a trigger for buy or sell signals. Histogram: The difference between the MACD Line and the Signal Line. Visual representation of momentum changes. How to Interpret MACD Crossovers: Bullish Crossover: When the MACD Line crosses above the Signal Line, it signals upward momentum and is often interpreted as a buy signal. Bearish Crossover: When the MACD Line crosses below the Signal Line, it indicates downward momentum and is often seen as a sell signal. Centerline Crossovers: When the MACD Line crosses above the zero line, it indicates bullish momentum. When the MACD Line crosses below the zero line, it signals bearish momentum. Divergence: Bullish Divergence: Occurs when the price makes lower lows, but the MACD makes higher lows. This can indicate a potential upward reversal. Bearish Divergence: Occurs when the price makes higher highs, but the MACD makes lower highs. This can suggest a potential downward reversal. Strengths of MACD Versatile: Combines trend-following and momentum analysis. Easy to Use: Simple to interpret for traders of all skill levels. Effective in Trending Markets: Provides clear signals during strong trends. Limitations of MACD Lagging Indicator: Since it relies on moving averages, MACD may provide signals after a trend has already started. False Signals: In sideways or choppy markets, MACD can produce misleading crossovers. Best Practices for Using MACD Combine with Other Indicators: Use MACD with support and resistance levels, RSI, or Bollinger Bands for confirmation of signals. Combine it with volume analysis to validate momentum strength. Adjust Periods for Your Strategy: Shorten the EMA periods (e.g., 8, 18, and 6) for more responsive signals in fast-moving markets. Lengthen the periods (e.g., 21, 50, and 9) for smoother signals in slower markets. Understand Market Context: Avoid relying solely on MACD in range-bound markets where false signals are more common. Example of MACD in Action Imagine a stock is in an uptrend, and the MACD Line crosses above the Signal Line while the histogram turns positive. This is a bullish signal suggesting that the upward momentum is strengthening. Conversely, if the MACD Line crosses below the Signal Line during a downtrend, it signals that bearish momentum may continue. Conclusion The MACD is a robust indicator that helps traders identify trends, momentum shifts, and potential buy/sell opportunities. While it’s easy to use, its effectiveness improves when combined with other technical tools and a solid understanding of market dynamics. As always, backtest your strategies and practice using the MACD on historical data before applying it to live trades.
Education
by CobraVanguard
2